Environmental Impacts[LINK]
Typically when a new building technology is evaluated the energy performance of a baseline building is compared to the energy and life-cycle costs of alternatives to determine cost-effectiveness. But what if the lowest energy or life-cycle cost alternative is not the cleanest or lowest environmental impact? By calculating environmental impact, designers can compare alternatives not only in terms of their energy performance but also their environmental performance—working towards a more sustainable design (Liesen 1997; Stroot, Nemeth, and Fournier 1996). Environmental impacts are quantified, in part, by modeling the amount of emissions and in EnergyPlus this is done using the input objects “EnvironmentalImpactFactors,” “FuelFactors,” and “Output:EnvironmentalImpactFactors.”
Based on emissions factors entered by the user, EnergyPlus calculates the mass or volume of thirteen different pollutants: CO2 (carbon dioxide), CO (carbon monoxide), CH4 (methane), NOx (nitrogen oxides), N2O (nitrous oxide), SO2 (sulphur dioxide), PM (particulate matter), PM10 (particulate matter 10>PM10>2.5 microns), PM2.5 (particulate matter<2.5 microns), NH3 (ammonia), NMVOC (non-methane volatile organic compounds), Hg (mercury), and Pb (lead) as well as water consumed through evaporation in thermo- and hydro-electric generation and high- and low-level nuclear waste from nuclear electricity generation for on- and off-site energy production. Note that while these comprise the largest proportion of pollutants, more than one hundred other pollutants are emitted from fossil fuel combustion or electricity generation. Much of the information compiled here for fossil fuel combustion comes from AP-42 Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors (EPA 1998a, 1998b, 1996). For more information on pollutants, see the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Clearinghouse for Inventories & Emission Factors (www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/efinformation.html).
EnergyPlus models energy performance of on-site fossil fuels and purchased electricity (generated from a variety of fuels including natural gas, oil, gasoline, diesel, coal, hydroelectric, nuclear, wind, solar power, and biomass). The energy performance calculated by EnergyPlus is converted into a mass or volume of pollutants emitted. From a baseline building, alternative energy and pollution saving technologies can be explored, and the energy savings and pollution reduction can be calculated. Figure 314 and Figure 315 illustrate a comparison of two buildings simulated using Chicago weather data in EnergyPlus and the calculated pollutant levels (based on U.S. national average pollutants) (Crawley 2003).
To calculate the mass or volume of each pollutant, consumption is multiplied by an emissions factor for each fuel (natural gas, electricity, fuel oil, diesel, or coal). In future versions, users will be able to schedule how the emissions factors by time of day, month, season and year. For electricity, the mix of generation fuel sources—whether utility, state or regional—is used to adjust the emission factors. If a user has emissions factors specific to the building site and equipment, these can be entered directly. There are no default emissions factors.
Types of Pollutants[LINK]
EPA categorizes pollutants as either Criteria Pollutants or Hazardous Pollutants. Criteria pollutants are the six substances for which EPA has set health-based standards, including carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5), ozone (O3), and lead (Pb). Because ozone is created in atmospheric photochemical reactions of volatile organic compounds, ammonia, and other substances rather than direct building-related energy emissions, we do not calculated ozone emissions in EnergyPlus. But we do include ozone precursors: methane (CH4), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC), and ammonia (NH3). Hazardous pollutants are substances that are known or suspected to cause serious health problems such as cancer. We include typical hazardous substances associated with energy production and use including lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg). We also include CO2 (carbon dioxide) since it is largest greenhouse gas in terms of impact.
Carbon Equivalent[LINK]
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has studied the effects on the relative radiative forcing effects of various greenhouse gases. This effect, called Global Warming Potential (GWP), is described in terms of the Carbon Equivalent of a particular greenhouse gas. This equivalent is based on a factor of 1.0 for carbon. This group of gases includes carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide, methane, halocarbon emission, hydrofluorocarbons (HFC), perfluorocarbons (PFC), and chlorofluorocarbons (CFC). For building energy use, the main gases of concern are carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Although carbon monoxide has a relatively short life, CO emissions into the atmosphere may have a significant impact on climate forcing due to chemical impact on CH4 lifetime, and tropospheric O3 and CO2 photochemical production normally reacts to produce carbon dioxide, but it can’t be ignored since it is produced in incomplete combustion and the carbon remains to interact as CO2.Yet~~there is no agreement on its carbon equivalent (IPCC 2001). The carbon equivalent of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide are calculated and then multiplied by their GWP on a 100 year time frame. The Carbon Equivalents of the following gases have been determined and used in the program are shown in the following table.
Carbon Equivalents (IPCC 2001)
| NOx
|
80.7272 |
| CH4
|
6.2727 |
| CO2
|
0.2727 |
The resulting carbon equivalents by fuel type are shown in the output of the program along with the individual gas pollutants.
Fossil Fuel Emissions Factors[LINK]
Emission factors for on-site fossil fuel consumption are based on Section 1.4 Natural Gas Combustion in EPA (1998a) Table 86 shows the greenhouse gas and precursors and criteria pollutant emissions factors for natural gas. Similar emissions factors are shown for residual fuel oil (No. 4 and No. 6 fuel oil) [Table 87], distillates (No. 1 and No. 2 fuel oil) [Table 88], residential oil furnace [Table 89], LPG (butane and propane) [Table 90], gasoline and diesel [Table 91], and coal [Table 92] in the indicated tables. Note that a zero for a pollutant in the table may mean that no data were available, not that there are no emissions of that pollutant.
Table: Emission Factors for Natural Gas
Pollutant Emission Factora (g/MJ)
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 50.23439
Carbon Monoxide (CO) 3.51641E-02
Methane (CH4) 9.62826E-04
Nitrogen Oxides (NOX) 4.18620E-02
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)b 9.20964E-04
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)c 2.51172E-04
Particulate Matter (PM)d 3.18151E-03
Particulate Matter (PM10)d 2.38613E-03
Particulate Matter (PM2.5)d 7.95378E-04
Ammonia (NH3) 0e
Volatile Organic Compounds (NMVOC) 2.30241E-03
Mercury (Hg) 1.08841E-07
Lead (Pb) 2.09310E-07
a Based on data from Tables 1.4-1, 1.4.-2 and 1.4.4 in EPA (1998a), Natural gas heat value of 1027 Btu/ft3 based on data for 2003 in Table A-4 in DOE (2004)
b Values shown are for uncontrolled burner. For controlled-low NOX burner, use 0.64 lb/106 ft3, 0.000627 lb/MMBtu, 0.0002679 g/MJ
c Based on 100% conversion of fuel sulfur to SO2. Assumes sulfur content is natural gas of 2,000 grains/106 ft3. The SO2 emission factor can be converted to other natural gas sulfur contents by multiplying the SO2 emission factor by the ratio of the site-specific sulfur content (grains/106 ft3) to 2,000 grains/106 ft3.
d PM is the sum of all particulate matter including PM10 and PM2.5. PM10 and PM2.5 stand for particles smaller than 10 and 2.5 microns, respectively.
e No data.
Table: Emission Factors for Residual Fuel Oil (No. 4 and No. 6 Fuel Oil)
Pollutant No. 6 Fuel Oil No. 4 Fuel Oil
Emission Factora (g/MJ) Emission Factora (g/MJ)**
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 76.77128 76.77128
Carbon Monoxide (CO) 1.53543E-02 1.53543E-02
Methane (CH4) 1.45865E-03 6.63304E-04
Nitrogen Oxides (NOX) 1.68897E-01 6.14170E-02
Nitrous Oxide (N2O) 3.37794E-04 3.37794E-04
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)b 4.82124E-01 4.60628E-01
Particulate Matter (PM)c 2.56109E-02 2.14960E-02
Particulate Matter (PM10)c 1.58763E-02 1.58763E-02
Particulate Matter (PM2.5)c 5.89603E-03 5.89603E-03
Ammonia (NH3) 0d 0d
Volatile Organic Compounds (NMVOC) 3.47006E-03 1.04409E-03
Mercury (Hg) 3.47006E-06 3.47006E-06
Lead (Pb) 4.63699E-06 4.63699E-06
a Based on data from Tables 1.3-1, 1.3-3, 1.3-8, 1.3-10, and 1.3-12 in EPA (1998b).
b Based on 100% conversion of fuel sulfur to SO2. Assumes 1% sulfur content. The SO2 emission factor in this table can be converted to other natural gas sulfur contents by multiplying the SO2 emission factor by percentage sulfur content.
c PM is the sum of all particulate matter including PM10 and PM2.5. PM10 and PM2.5 stand for particles smaller than 10 and 2.5 microns, respectively.
d No Data.
Table: Emission Factors for Distillates (No. 1 and No. 2 Fuel Oil)
Pollutant No. 1 Fuel Oil No. 2 Fuel Oil
Emission Factora (g/MJ) Emission Factora (g/MJ)**
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 66.02330 68.47998
Carbon Monoxide (CO) 1.53543E-02 1.53543E-02
Methane (CH4) 6.63304E-04 6.63304E-04
Nitrogen Oxides (NOX) 6.14170E-02 7.37004E-02
Nitrous Oxide (N2O) 3.37794E-04 3.37794E-04
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)b 4.36061E-01 4.82124E-01
Particulate Matter (PM)c 6.14170E-03 6.14170E-03
Particulate Matter (PM10)c 3.31652E-03 3.31652E-03
Particulate Matter (PM2.5)c 2.54881E-03 2.54881E-03
Ammonia (NH3) 0d 0d
Volatile Organic Compounds (NMVOC) 1.04409E-03 1.04409E-03
Mercury (Hg) 3.47006E-06 3.47006E-06
Lead (Pb) 4.63699E-06 4.63699E-06
a Based on data from Tables 1.3-1, 1.3-3, 1.3-8, 1.3-10, and 1.3-12 in EPA (1998b).
b Based on 100% conversion of fuel sulfur to SO2. Assumes 1% sulfur content. The SO2 emission factor in this table can be converted to other natural gas sulfur contents by multiplying the SO2 emission factor by percentage sulfur content.
c PM is the sum of all particulate matter including PM10 and PM2.5. PM10 and PM2.5 stand for particles smaller than 10 and 2.5 microns, respectively.
d No data.
Table: Emission Factors for Residential Oil Furnace
Pollutant Emission Factora (g/MJ)
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 68.48237
Carbon Monoxide (CO) 1.53543E-02
Methane (CH4) 5.46612E-02
Nitrogen Oxides (NOX) 5.52753E-02
Nitrous Oxide (N2O) 1.53543E-04
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)b 4.36061E-01
Particulate Matter (PM)c 2.14960E-02
Particulate Matter (PM10)c 1.58763E-02
Particulate Matter (PM2.5)c 5.89603E-03
Ammonia (NH3) 0d
Volatile Organic Compounds (NMVOC) 2.18952E-03
Mercury (Hg) 3.47006E-06
Lead (Pb) 4.63699E-06
a Based on data from Tables 1.3-1, 1.3-3, 1.3-8, 1.3-10, and 1.3-12 in EPA (1998b).
b Based on 100% conversion of fuel sulfur to SO2. Assumes 1% sulfur content. The SO2 emission factor in this table can be converted to other natural gas sulfur contents by multiplying the SO2 emission factor by percentage sulfur content.
c PM is the sum of all particulate matter including PM10 and PM2.5. PM10 and PM2.5 stand for particles smaller than 10 and 2.5 microns, respectively.
d No data.
Table: Emission Factors for LPG (butane and propane)
Pollutant LPG (butane) Propane
Emission Factora (g/MJ) Emission Factora (g/MJ)**
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 66.02330 68.47998
Carbon Monoxide (CO) 1.53543E-02 1.53543E-02
Methane (CH4) 6.63304E-04 6.63304E-04
Nitrogen Oxides (NOX) 6.14170E-02 7.37004E-02
Nitrous Oxide (N2O) 3.37794E-04 3.37794E-04
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)b 4.36061E-01 4.82124E-01
Particulate Matter (PM)c 6.14170E-03 6.14170E-03
Particulate Matter (PM10)c 3.31652E-03 3.31652E-03
Particulate Matter (PM2.5)c 2.54881E-03 2.54881E-03
Ammonia (NH3) 0d 0d
Volatile Organic Compounds (NMVOC) 1.04409E-03 1.04409E-03
Mercury (Hg) 3.47006E-06 3.47006E-06
Lead (Pb) 4.63699E-06 4.63699E-06
a Based on data from Table 1.5-1 in EPA (1996), Higher Heating value of 1.02 MMBtu/gal for butane and 0.915 MMBtu/gal for propane based on data in EPA (1996).
b Based on 100% conversion of fuel sulfur to SO2. Assumes sulphur content is 0.18 gr/100 ft3.The SO2 emission factor can be converted to other LPG sulphur contents by multiplying the SO2 emission factor by the ratio of the site-specific sulphur content gr/100 ft3 to 0.18 gr/100 ft3.
c PM is the sum of all particulate matter including PM10 and PM2.5. PM10 and PM2.5 stand for particles smaller than 10 and 2.5 microns, respectively.
d No data.
Table: Emission Factors for Gasoline and Diesel
Pollutant Gasoline Diesel
Emission Factora (g/MJ) Emission Factora (g/MJ)**
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 66.20808 70.50731
Carbon Monoxide (CO) 2.69561E+01 4.08426E-01
Methane (CH4) 0c 0c
Nitrogen Oxides (NOX) 7.00774E-01 1.89596E+00
Nitrous Oxide (N2O) 0c 0c
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) 3.61135E-02 1.24678E-01
Particulate Matter (PM)b 0c 0c
Particulate Matter (PM10)b 4.29923E-02 1.33276E-01
Particulate Matter (PM2.5)b 0c 0c
Ammonia (NH3) 0c 0c
Volatile Organic Compounds (NMVOC) 9.02837E-01 1.50473E-01
Mercury (Hg) 0c 0c
Lead (Pb) 0c 0c
a Based on data from Table 3.3-1 in EPA (1996), Diesel higher heating value of 19,300 Btu/lb, and gasoline higher heating value of 20,300 Btu/lb based on data in EPA (1996).
b PM is the sum of all particulate matter including PM10 and PM2.5. PM10 and PM2.5 stand for particles smaller than 10 and 2.5 microns, respectively.
c No data.
Table: Emission Factors for Coal
Pollutant Bituminous Anthracite Lignite
Emission Factora (g/MJ) Emission Factorb (g/MJ) Emission Factorc (g/MJ)**
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 91.11052 99.26669 152.12646
Carbon Monoxide (CO) 8.26774E-03 1.04859E-02 8.26774E-03
Methane (CH4) 6.61419E-04 0f 0f
Nitrogen Oxides (NOX) 1.98426E-01 3.14578E-01 2.34804E-01
Nitrous Oxide (N2O) 4.96065E-04 0f 0f
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)d 6.28348E-01 6.81585E-01 9.92129E-01
Particulate Matter (PM)e 1.65355E-01 1.74765E-01 2.18268E-01
Particulate Matter (PM10)e 3.80316E-02 4.01960E-02 7.60632E-02
Particulate Matter (PM2.5)e 9.92129E-03 1.04859E-02 2.18268E-02
Ammonia (NH3) 0f 0f 0f
Volatile Organic Compounds (NMVOC) 9.92129E-04 2.14961E-02 1.32284E-03
Mercury (Hg) 6.94490E-06 2.27195E-06 2.74489E-06
Lead (Pb) 1.37245E-06 1.55541E-04 1.38898E-05
a Based on data on pulverized coal from Tables 1.1-3, 1.1-6, 1.1-18, 1.1-19 in EPA (1998a), Coal average higher heating value of 26.0 MMBtu/ton based on EPA (1998a).b Based on data on pulverized coal from Tables 1.2-1, 1.2-2, 1.2-3, 1.2-4, 1.2-7 in EPA (1996), Coal average higher heating value of 24.6 MMBtu/ton based on EPA (1996).c Based on data on pulverized coal from Tables 1.7-1, 1.7-3, 1.7-7, 1.7-14 in EPA (1998b), Coal average higher heating value of 13.0 MMBtu/ton based on EPA (1998b). d Based on 100% conversion of fuel sulfur to SO2. Assumes 1% sulfur content. The SO2 emission factor in this table can be converted to other natural gas sulfur contents by multiplying the SO2 emission factor by percentage sulfur content.e PM is the sum of all particulate matter including PM10 and PM2.5. PM10 and PM2.5 are particles smaller than 10 and 2.5 microns, respectively. Expressed in terms of coal ash content, assumes 1% ash content. Multiply weight % ash content of coal (as fired) by the value.f No data.
Off-Site Electricity Generation Emissions[LINK]
While estimating emissions from on-site fossil fuel combustion can be fairly straight-forward, emissions from off-site electricity is more challenging. How the electricity is generated, i.e., from gas, oil, coal, nuclear, renewable sources (wind, PV) or hydroelectric, and the mix of generation determines the resulting level of emissions. While data are available at utility and even power plant level (from the sources cited), data are shown here for United States national- and state-level average emissions from electricity generation. Table 93 provides average greenhouse gas and precursors and criteria pollutant emissions factors for the entire United States from electricity generation. Table 94 provides average electricity emissions factors by state, for greenhouse gas and precursors, and Table 95 for criteria pollutant emission factors. These two tables also include a ratio of heat input to electric output (efficiency of electricity generation) including distribution and transmission losses to allow calculation of source energy.
As mentioned in the introduction to this section, EnergyPlus also calculates water consumed through evaporation in thermo-electric and hydro-electric generation. Torcellini, Long, and Judkoff (2004) provide data on average water consumption by generator type by state. These data are summarized in units suitable for EnergyPlus in Table 93, for national and state average water consumption for thermal-electric, hydro-electric, and Table 94 for weighted total electricity generation.
Table: United States National Average Emission Factors for Electricity Generation
Efficiency Ratio (J/J)**
Ratio of Heat Input to Electricity Outputa 2.253
Pollutant Emission Factor (g/MJ)
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)b 168.333168
Carbon Monoxide (CO)c 4.20616E-02
Methane (CH4)b 1.39858E-03
Nitrogen Oxides (NOX)a 4.10753E-01
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)b 2.41916E-03
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)a 8.65731E-01
Particulate Matter (PM)c,d 2.95827E-02
Particulate Matter (PM10)c,d 1.80450E-02
Particulate Matter (PM2.5)c,d 1.15377E-02
Ammonia (NH3)c 1.10837E-03
Volatile Organic Compounds (NMVOC)a 3.72332E-03
Mercury (Hg)c 3.36414E-06
Lead (Pb) 0e
aData based on 1999 data from eGRID version 2.01 (EPA 2003a).bData based on 1998-2000 average data in DOE (2002).cData based on tier emissions report for criteria air pollutants in EPA (2003b).dPM is the sum of all particulate matter including PM10 and PM2.5. PM10 and PM2.5 stand for particles smaller than 10 and 2.5 microns, respectively.eNo data.
Table: U. S. State Average Greenhouse Gas Emission Factors for Electricity Generation, in g/MJ
Ratio of Heat Input to Electric Output Carbon Dioxide (CO2)b Carbon Monoxide (CO)c Methane (CH4)b Nitrogen Oxides (NOX)a Nitrous Oxide (N2O)b Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)a
Alabama 2.230 165.30922 1.45087E+03 1.72617E-03 4.02311E-01 2.80975E-03 1.13940E+00
Alaska 2.734 173.87708 3.71694E+02 8.56786E-04 7.29024E-01 1.12138E-03 2.38136E-01
Arizona 1.694 132.29777 8.26924E+02 8.56786E-04 2.74423E-01 1.94037E-03 2.27552E-01
Arkansas 2.207 162.03327 6.41833E+02 1.57497E-03 2.87149E-01 2.55776E-03 4.24991E-01
California 1.422 76.35472 2.91370E+03 8.44186E-04 6.56449E-02 4.66192E-04 3.04915E-02
Colorado 3.101 242.67192 1.51197E+03 1.60017E-03 4.74004E-01 3.64134E-03 5.83874E-01
Connecticut 1.720 118.69000 3.21421E+02 2.19236E-03 1.81563E-01 1.51197E-03 3.78750E-01
Delaware 2.736 230.57612 1.31290E+02 1.54977E-03 4.12517E-01 2.86015E-03 1.10866E+00
District of Columbia 4.844 172.11310 8.94585E+00 1.48677E-03 7.29528E-01 2.59556E-03 1.62487E+00
Florida 2.694 175.64105 6.12954E+03 1.88997E-03 4.73122E-01 2.26796E-03 1.00584E+00
Georgia 2.119 172.11310 1.05889E+03 1.62537E-03 4.00043E-01 2.84755E-03 1.11974E+00
Hawaii 2.950 209.40848 1.17682E+02 2.69635E-03 7.27512E-01 2.30576E-03 5.44437E-01
Idaho 0.213 3.52794 0 1.00798E-03 1.07098E-02 4.15793E-04 1.05838E-02
Illinois 1.694 146.66153 1.85292E+03 1.03318E-03 4.41749E-01 2.26796E-03 1.11811E+00
Indiana 3.281 261.57160 2.14058E+03 1.80177E-03 7.30284E-01 4.06973E-03 1.88846E+00
Iowa 3.033 237.12801 7.57877E+02 1.73877E-03 5.61447E-01 3.75474E-03 1.04566E+00
Kansas 2.826 212.18043 8.65983E+02 1.41118E-03 5.58801E-01 3.20035E-03 7.06596E-01
Kentucky 3.234 253.00374 1.50857E+03 1.76397E-03 8.41036E-01 4.04453E-03 1.79257E+00
Lousiana 2.624 148.42550 1.68116E+04 1.18438E-03 3.41958E-01 1.41118E-03 5.05755E-01
Maine 2.191 107.35019 4.92778E+02 7.11888E-03 1.79547E-01 3.40194E-03 4.04327E-01
Maryland 2.277 172.11310 4.89502E+02 1.48677E-03 5.37759E-01 2.59556E-03 1.38837E+00
Massachusetts 2.729 161.02529 7.89125E+02 2.19236E-03 2.89165E-01 2.00337E-03 8.01347E-01
Michigan 2.616 199.07665 1.69354E+03 1.83957E-03 4.91770E-01 3.14995E-03 9.76988E-01
Minnesota 2.331 163.04126 6.96264E+02 1.66317E-03 5.02354E-01 2.07897E-03 5.06889E-01
Mississippi 2.404 231.83610 2.17976E+03 1.58757E-03 4.66570E-01 3.62874E-03 8.98239E-01
Missouri 2.857 192.02077 1.29753E+03 1.97817E-03 6.41707E-01 3.11215E-03 9.07059E-01
Montana 1.936 180.68096 4.13147E+02 1.36078E-03 3.58212E-01 2.86015E-03 2.01219E-01
Nebraska 2.195 176.39703 4.68208E+02 1.19698E-03 3.94121E-01 2.75935E-03 5.29065E-01
Nevada 2.615 191.26478 3.82278E+02 1.13398E-03 4.01807E-01 2.45696E-03 4.02815E-01
New Hampshire 1.394 85.93055 2.63588E+02 2.16716E-03 2.03109E-01 1.77657E-03 8.71275E-01
New Jersey 1.451 88.95450 2.27250E+03 9.70184E-04 1.76649E-01 9.95383E-04 2.31206E-01
New Mexico 3.307 254.26372 8.56408E+02 1.65057E-03 6.57583E-01 3.72954E-03 5.70140E-01
New York 1.808 108.10618 1.93835E+03 1.02058E-03 1.69089E-01 1.12138E-03 4.68082E-01
North Carolina 1.969 156.48937 1.10286E+03 1.32298E-03 4.68712E-01 2.55776E-03 1.00131E+00
North Dakota 3.244 282.48725 9.01389E+02 1.85217E-03 6.44731E-01 4.27133E-03 1.52697E+00
Ohio 2.736 226.79619 1.58757E+03 1.63797E-03 7.67579E-01 3.62874E-03 2.33562E+00
Oklahoma 3.024 216.96835 1.67262E+03 1.38598E-03 5.11425E-01 2.80975E-03 5.11047E-01
Oregon 0.526 35.53140 1.86855E+02 4.15793E-04 5.26671E-02 4.28393E-04 7.50947E-02
Pennsylvania 1.827 159.26132 1.85885E+03 1.34818E-03 3.29232E-01 2.55776E-03 1.25834E+00
Rhode Island 2.561 132.54977 1.67955E+02 8.56786E-04 6.21170E-02 5.92190E-04 4.53592E-03
South Carolina 1.300 105.08223 8.38642E+02 1.14658E-03 2.54264E-01 1.82697E-03 6.04790E-01
South Dakota 1.192 100.54631 9.79004E+01 6.67789E-04 5.44941E-01 1.52457E-03 5.81354E-01
Tennessee 1.902 163.29325 9.09579E+02 1.32298E-03 5.10165E-01 2.67116E-03 1.18123E+00
Texas 2.749 184.46090 9.63405E+03 9.70184E-04 3.27720E-01 1.83957E-03 4.90888E-01
Utah 3.095 243.67990 5.13063E+02 1.68837E-03 5.26545E-01 3.88073E-03 2.13314E-01
Vermont 0.306 3.52794 1.38472E+02 1.20958E-03 1.94037E-02 4.91392E-04 2.14196E-03
Virginia 1.924 146.66153 9.12729E+02 1.72617E-03 3.65016E-01 2.41916E-03 7.86857E-01
Washington 0.414 30.99548 4.29653E+02 4.66192E-04 5.30451E-02 5.03992E-04 1.90383E-01
West Virginia 2.917 248.97181 1.27938E+03 1.72617E-03 7.77659E-01 3.98153E-03 1.86918E+00
Wisconsin 2.680 206.88852 1.00471E+03 1.73877E-03 4.97440E-01 3.27594E-03 9.25076E-01
Wyoming 3.534 270.39145 9.01389E+02 1.85217E-03 5.59431E-01 4.25873E-03 5.78708E-01
a Data based on 1999 data from eGRID version 2.01 (EPA 2003a).
b Data based on 1998-2000 average data in DOE (2002).
c Data based on tier emissions report for criteria air pollutants in EPA (2003b).
d PM is the sum of all particulate matter including PM10 and PM2.5. PM10 and PM2.5 stand for particles smaller than 10 and 2.5 microns, respectively.
e No data.
Table: U. S. State Average Criteria Pollutant Emission Factors for Electricity Generation, in g/MJ
Particulate Matter (PM)cd Particulate Matter (PM10)cd Particulate Matter (PM2.5)cd Ammonia (NH3)c Volatile Organic Compounds (NMVOC)a Mercury (Hg)c Lead (Pb)e
Alabama 7.91048E-03 7.86328E-03 4.72023E-05 3.55049E-05 4.66784E-03 5.14071E-06 0e
Alaska 8.96502E-03 8.85977E-03 1.05247E-04 6.51454E-06 2.82297E-03 3.27594E-07 0e
Arizona 1.70555E-02 1.69322E-02 1.23202E-04 1.80226E-04 2.27385E-03 1.88997E-06 0e
Arkansas 9.27803E-03 9.19307E-03 8.49561E-05 4.59383E-04 3.46429E-03 2.73415E-06 0e
California 7.16813E-03 7.07819E-03 8.99402E-05 4.02651E-03 2.62453E-03 1.38598E-07 0e
Colorado 7.29822E-03 7.23699E-03 6.12291E-05 9.56430E-05 4.36770E-03 1.62537E-06 0e
Connecticut 1.22734E-02 1.21694E-02 1.04033E-04 2.22944E-03 3.93896E-03 1.18438E-06 0e
Delaware 1.39283E-02 1.38287E-02 9.96131E-05 1.54469E-03 4.74441E-03 3.62874E-06 0e
District of Columbia 2.88269E-02 2.84861E-02 3.40760E-04 8.76496E-03 2.30080E-02 0 0e
Florida 4.33040E-02 4.29055E-02 3.98460E-04 1.58386E-03 3.39110E-03 1.71357E-06 0e
Georgia 2.05237E-02 2.03865E-02 1.37175E-04 7.51637E-05 2.16686E-03 3.20035E-06 0e
Hawaii 5.97339E-03 5.90409E-03 6.92999E-05 3.55697E-03 7.01715E-03 1.77657E-06 0e
Idaho 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Illinois 1.53276E-01 1.52156E-01 1.12047E-03 5.93583E-03 2.77818E-02 4.62412E-06 0e
Indiana 2.18862E-02 2.17008E-02 1.85453E-04 5.75861E-04 4.87283E-03 4.86352E-06 0e
Iowa 2.34564E-02 2.32698E-02 1.86674E-04 9.09228E-05 4.78644E-03 6.19910E-06 0e
Kansas 2.41783E-02 2.39535E-02 2.24799E-04 4.19292E-04 5.39089E-03 4.93912E-06 0e
Kentucky 1.69397E-02 1.68139E-02 1.25825E-04 4.35029E-05 3.80922E-03 4.71232E-06 0e
Lousiana 1.79917E-02 1.77843E-02 2.07304E-04 1.66720E-03 1.02357E-02 1.41118E-06 0e
Maine 3.36399E-03 3.34131E-03 2.26813E-05 1.55132E-03 9.62614E-03 4.53592E-07 0e
Maryland 2.13382E-02 2.12038E-02 1.34391E-04 7.21581E-04 2.78881E-03 4.88872E-06 0e
Mass-achusetts 8.85244E-03 8.76617E-03 8.62772E-05 1.70282E-03 3.49171E-03 1.88997E-06 0e
Michigan 9.08755E-03 9.00520E-03 8.23449E-05 2.22140E-04 2.79017E-03 3.67914E-06 0e
Minnesota 4.04781E-02 4.01455E-02 3.32617E-04 6.74889E-05 4.13240E-03 3.30114E-06 0e
Mississippi 5.44446E-02 5.37910E-02 6.53601E-04 4.06289E-02 1.54329E-02 2.45696E-06 0e
Missouri 1.25537E-02 1.24368E-02 1.16929E-04 6.48638E-05 4.98085E-03 4.67452E-06 0e
Montana 3.67504E-03 3.64126E-03 3.37798E-05 4.01020E-05 3.14400E-03 3.77994E-06 0e
Nebraska 1.33751E-02 1.32829E-02 9.21636E-05 6.90470E-05 5.23031E-03 3.59094E-06 0e
Nevada 2.09146E-02 2.07657E-02 1.48886E-04 3.79659E-04 3.33440E-03 1.36078E-06 0e
New Hampshire 3.09503E-02 3.06487E-02 3.01568E-04 7.16019E-04 2.45937E-03 3.40194E-07 0e
New Jersey 3.45712E-02 3.41460E-02 4.25200E-04 1.24216E-04 1.52830E-02 1.28518E-06 0e
New Mexico 5.20754E-02 5.16748E-02 4.00653E-04 4.41665E-04 5.12951E-03 8.41666E-06 0e
New York 5.35802E-03 5.31301E-03 4.50068E-05 2.22325E-03 4.26008E-03 1.33558E-06 0e
North Carolina 3.40955E-02 3.38325E-02 2.62976E-04 3.00504E-05 1.73434E-03 3.33894E-06 0e
North Dakota 5.17162E-02 5.13979E-02 3.18277E-04 6.41672E-05 6.88995E-03 8.71905E-06 0e
Ohio 1.38722E-02 1.37957E-02 7.64501E-05 1.11541E-04 2.59201E-03 6.24949E-06 0e
Oklahoma 1.83971E-02 1.82479E-02 1.49160E-04 9.73713E-04 4.68484E-03 3.88073E-06 0e
Oregon 3.47911E-03 3.46199E-03 1.71186E-05 4.43277E-06 5.31933E-04 3.77994E-07 0e
Pennsylvania 2.21604E-02 2.20060E-02 1.54356E-04 1.47657E-04 1.51542E-03 6.56449E-06 0e
Rhode Island 1.03973E-03 1.02744E-03 1.22906E-05 0 2.25247E-03 0 0e
South Carolina 2.45530E-02 2.43803E-02 1.72632E-04 2.51344E-05 1.16735E-03 1.54977E-06 0e
South Dakota 4.67825E-03 4.63562E-03 4.26239E-05 8.82976E-05 4.63562E-03 1.22218E-06 0e
Tennessee 2.51650E-02 2.48944E-02 2.70575E-04 2.70034E-05 2.88396E-03 2.98615E-06 0e
Texas 1.73147E-02 1.71765E-02 1.38283E-04 1.26310E-03 4.32150E-03 3.52794E-06 0e
Utah 1.47314E-02 1.46364E-02 9.50155E-05 9.59315E-05 2.48737E-03 9.70184E-07 0e
Vermont 1.16247E-03 1.14873E-03 1.37415E-05 1.80704E-05 2.12073E-03 0 0e
Virginia 1.22315E-02 1.21362E-02 9.53635E-05 2.93259E-04 2.50975E-03 2.21756E-06 0e
Washington 5.37627E-04 5.32210E-04 5.41708E-06 6.46409E-06 6.87348E-04 5.92190E-07 0e
West Virginia 2.39677E-03 2.38177E-03 1.50018E-05 4.25792E-05 3.09497E-03 6.55189E-06 0e
Wisconsin 7.34187E-03 7.28252E-03 5.93472E-05 6.45613E-05 4.61829E-03 4.83832E-06 0e
Wyoming 5.08215E-02 5.06042E-02 2.17349E-04 5.19787E-05 4.78782E-03 5.27931E-06 0e
Table: United States National Average Water Consumption Factorsa
Thermoelectric Generation Hydroelectric Generation Weighted Total Water Consumption
L/MJ Percent of Total Generation L/MJ Percent of Total Generation L/MJ
United States 0.4960 89.4% 19.2095 8.6% 2.1007
a Based on data from Torcellini, Long, and Judkoff (2004).
Table: U.S. State Average Water Consumption Factors for Electricity Generationa
Thermoelectric Generation Hydroelectric Generation Weighted Total Water Consumption
State L/MJ Percent of Total Generation L/MJ Percent of Total Generation L/MJ
Alabama 0.1503 89.8% 38.9053 6.4% 2.6274
Alaska 0.3295 86.2% – 13.8% 0.2839
Arizona 0.3313 88.3% 68.1928 11.7% 8.2533
Arkansas 0.3000 89.5% – 5.7% 0.2684
California 0.0511 74.1% 21.9430 22.0% 4.8739
Colorado 0.5368 96.0% 18.8333 4.0% 1.2600
Connecticut 0.0860 90.8% – 1.5% 0.0781
Delaware 0.0132 99.9% – 0.0% 0.0132
District of Columbia 1.6959 100.0% – 0.0% 1.6959
Florida 0.1506 95.7% – 0.1% 0.1441
Georgia 0.6267 93.6% 49.8599 2.3% 1.7339
Hawaii 0.0440 92.4% – 1.1% 0.0407
Idaho 0.0000 2.7% 8.9528 92.2% 8.2501
Illinois 1.1093 99.4% – 0.1% 1.1032
Indiana 0.4350 99.6% – 0.3% 0.4331
Iowa 0.1229 97.3% – 2.5% 0.1196
Kansas 0.6099 100.0% – 0.0% 0.6098
Kentucky 1.1521 97.2% 162.2884 2.8% 5.5990
Louisiana 1.6411 94.2% – 0.9% 1.5461
Maine 0.3049 40.4% – 28.7% 0.1231
Maryland 0.0343 95.3% 7.0617 2.7% 0.2259
Massachusetts 0.0000 92.4% – 2.4% 0.0000
Michigan 0.5221 95.8% – 1.4% 0.4999
Minnesota 0.4657 93.4% – 2.4% 0.4351
Mississippi 0.4145 94.4% – 0.0% 0.3912
Missouri 0.3213 97.4% – 2.5% 0.3130
Montana 1.0051 55.8% 38.6619 44.1% 17.5997
Nebraska 0.2020 94.5% 2.2888 5.5% 0.3165
Nevada 0.5936 90.6% 77.1023 9.2% 7.6260
New Hampshire 0.1231 83.9% – 8.6% 0.1033
New Jersey 0.0747 97.6% – 0.0% 0.0729
New Mexico 0.6609 99.3% 71.5070 0.7% 1.1886
New York 0.8951 81.3% 5.8535 16.7% 1.7040
North Carolina 0.2445 95.5% 10.9089 3.1% 0.5751
North Dakota 0.3809 91.7% 60.7730 8.3% 5.3968
Ohio 0.9972 99.1% – 0.3% 0.9884
Oklahoma 0.5378 93.7% 144.0133 5.8% 8.8254
Oregon 0.8633 18.4% 4.6351 80.7% 3.8990
Pennsylvania 0.5700 97.6% – 1.0% 0.5563
Rhode Island 0.0000 98.2% – 0.1% 0.0000
South Carolina 0.2754 97.2% – 1.9% 0.2677
South Dakota 0.0143 36.7% 120.7558 63.2% 76.3811
Tennessee 0.0026 90.8% 45.5853 8.3% 3.7833
Texas 0.4595 99.0% – 0.3% 0.4550
Utah 0.5959 96.6% 77.1150 3.4% 3.2090
Vermont 0.3642 71.5% – 20.9% 0.2605
Virginia 0.0693 94.9% – 0.9% 0.0657
Washington 0.3013 15.7% 3.3506 83.2% 2.8344
West Virginia 0.6180 99.0% – 1.0% 0.6119
Wisconsin 0.5199 93.6% – 3.3% 0.4867
Wyoming 0.5190 97.1% 144.0177 2.7% 4.3654
a Based on data from Torcellini, Long, and Judkoff (2004).
EnergyPlus (with user entered-data) will also calculate high- and low-level nuclear waste from electricity generation. Few utilities now provide data on nuclear waste resulting from electricity generation and no US national or state-level data are yet available (this will be added as data become available). Two Illinois utilities regularly report nuclear waste in terms of pounds per kWh or MWh for high-level waste and cubic feet per kWh or MWh for low-level waste. For these two utilities, high level nuclear waste values range from 0.0042 to 0.01 lb/MWh (7000 to 16000 g/MJ); low-level nuclear waste ranges from 0.0001 to 0.0002 ft3/MWh (0.01 to 0.02 m3/MJ) depending on relative proportion of nuclear as compared with other electricity generation sources.
IEA (2003) contains carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions factors for electricity generation by country and region. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is responsible for over 60% of the anthropogenic greenhouse effect (UNEP 2002). Because only limited greenhouse gas emissions factors and data (other than CO2) is available for other countries, an interim method for estimating emission factors would be to compare the CO2 emission factor for the particular country from IEA (2003) and match it to the state with the closest CO2 emission factor in Table 94—using the other emissions factors for that state. Since the Kyoto Protocol (UNFCCC 1997) requires each country to report emissions of the major greenhouse gases [carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O)] as well as ozone-depleting substances [hydrofluorocarbons (HFC), perfluorocarbons (PFC), and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)] and all energy consumption in their annual ‘national communication’, more complete emission factors for a larger number of countries should become available over the next few years. More information and other resources for calculating emissions factors are available in IPCC (2000, 1997).
Crawley, Drury B. 2003. “Impact of Climate Change on Buildings,” in Proceedings of the CIBSE/ASHRAE International Conference 2003, September 2003, Edinburgh, Scotland. London, England: CIBSE.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2001. Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2000. Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Paris, France: IPCC/OECD/IEA.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 1997. Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, J.T. Houghton, L.G. Meira Filho, B. Lim, K. Treanton, I. Mamaty, Y. Bonduki, D.J. Griggs and B.A. Callender (editors). Paris, France: IPCC/OECD/IEA.
International Energy Agency. 2003. CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion 1971-2001 (2003) – 2003 Edition. Paris, France: IEA.
Liesen, Richard J. 1997. Atmospheric Pollution Prediction in a Building Energy Simulation Program, April 1997, BLAST Support Office, Department of Mechanical Engineering. Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois.
Stroot, Peter J., Robert J. Nemeth, & Donald F. Fournier. 1996. Pollution Reduction Through Energy Conservation, REEP Model. Champaign, Illinois: U S Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory.
Torcellini Paul A, Nicholas Long, and Ronald D. Judkoff. 2004. “Consumptive Water Use for U.S. Power Production,” in ASHRAE Transactions, Volume 110, Part 1. Atlanta, Georgia: ASHRAE.
United Nations Environment Programme. 2002. Climate Change Information Kit. Châtelaine, Switzerland: UNEP.
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. 1997. Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Bonn, Germany: UNFCCC.
U.S. Department of Energy. 2004. Monthly Energy Review. Washington, DC: Energy Information Administration, U S Department of Energy.
U.S. Department of Energy. 2002. Updated State-level Greenhouse Gas Emission Coefficients for Electricity Generation 1998-2000. April 2002, Energy Information Administration, Office of Integrated Analysis and Forecasting, Energy Information Administration. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Energy.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2003a. eGRID Emissions and Generation Resource Integrated Database, May 2003, Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2003b. AirData, Tier Emissions Report - Criteria Air Pollutants, 1999 data, May 2003. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1998a. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, AP-42, Fifth Edition, Volume I: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Chapter 1 External Combustion Sources, Supplement D, July 1998. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1998b. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, AP-42, Fifth Edition, Volume I: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Chapter 1 External Combustion Sources, Supplement E, September 1998. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1996. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, AP-42, Fifth Edition, Volume I: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Chapter 1 External Combustion Sources, Supplement B, October 1996. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Environmental Impacts[LINK]
Typically when a new building technology is evaluated the energy performance of a baseline building is compared to the energy and life-cycle costs of alternatives to determine cost-effectiveness. But what if the lowest energy or life-cycle cost alternative is not the cleanest or lowest environmental impact? By calculating environmental impact, designers can compare alternatives not only in terms of their energy performance but also their environmental performance—working towards a more sustainable design (Liesen 1997; Stroot, Nemeth, and Fournier 1996). Environmental impacts are quantified, in part, by modeling the amount of emissions and in EnergyPlus this is done using the input objects “EnvironmentalImpactFactors,” “FuelFactors,” and “Output:EnvironmentalImpactFactors.”
Based on emissions factors entered by the user, EnergyPlus calculates the mass or volume of thirteen different pollutants: CO2 (carbon dioxide), CO (carbon monoxide), CH4 (methane), NOx (nitrogen oxides), N2O (nitrous oxide), SO2 (sulphur dioxide), PM (particulate matter), PM10 (particulate matter 10>PM10>2.5 microns), PM2.5 (particulate matter<2.5 microns), NH3 (ammonia), NMVOC (non-methane volatile organic compounds), Hg (mercury), and Pb (lead) as well as water consumed through evaporation in thermo- and hydro-electric generation and high- and low-level nuclear waste from nuclear electricity generation for on- and off-site energy production. Note that while these comprise the largest proportion of pollutants, more than one hundred other pollutants are emitted from fossil fuel combustion or electricity generation. Much of the information compiled here for fossil fuel combustion comes from AP-42 Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors (EPA 1998a, 1998b, 1996). For more information on pollutants, see the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Clearinghouse for Inventories & Emission Factors (www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/efinformation.html).
EnergyPlus models energy performance of on-site fossil fuels and purchased electricity (generated from a variety of fuels including natural gas, oil, gasoline, diesel, coal, hydroelectric, nuclear, wind, solar power, and biomass). The energy performance calculated by EnergyPlus is converted into a mass or volume of pollutants emitted. From a baseline building, alternative energy and pollution saving technologies can be explored, and the energy savings and pollution reduction can be calculated. Figure 314 and Figure 315 illustrate a comparison of two buildings simulated using Chicago weather data in EnergyPlus and the calculated pollutant levels (based on U.S. national average pollutants) (Crawley 2003).
To calculate the mass or volume of each pollutant, consumption is multiplied by an emissions factor for each fuel (natural gas, electricity, fuel oil, diesel, or coal). In future versions, users will be able to schedule how the emissions factors by time of day, month, season and year. For electricity, the mix of generation fuel sources—whether utility, state or regional—is used to adjust the emission factors. If a user has emissions factors specific to the building site and equipment, these can be entered directly. There are no default emissions factors.
Types of Pollutants[LINK]
EPA categorizes pollutants as either Criteria Pollutants or Hazardous Pollutants. Criteria pollutants are the six substances for which EPA has set health-based standards, including carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5), ozone (O3), and lead (Pb). Because ozone is created in atmospheric photochemical reactions of volatile organic compounds, ammonia, and other substances rather than direct building-related energy emissions, we do not calculated ozone emissions in EnergyPlus. But we do include ozone precursors: methane (CH4), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC), and ammonia (NH3). Hazardous pollutants are substances that are known or suspected to cause serious health problems such as cancer. We include typical hazardous substances associated with energy production and use including lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg). We also include CO2 (carbon dioxide) since it is largest greenhouse gas in terms of impact.
Carbon Equivalent[LINK]
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has studied the effects on the relative radiative forcing effects of various greenhouse gases. This effect, called Global Warming Potential (GWP), is described in terms of the Carbon Equivalent of a particular greenhouse gas. This equivalent is based on a factor of 1.0 for carbon. This group of gases includes carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide, methane, halocarbon emission, hydrofluorocarbons (HFC), perfluorocarbons (PFC), and chlorofluorocarbons (CFC). For building energy use, the main gases of concern are carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Although carbon monoxide has a relatively short life, CO emissions into the atmosphere may have a significant impact on climate forcing due to chemical impact on CH4 lifetime, and tropospheric O3 and CO2 photochemical production normally reacts to produce carbon dioxide, but it can’t be ignored since it is produced in incomplete combustion and the carbon remains to interact as CO2.Yet~~there is no agreement on its carbon equivalent (IPCC 2001). The carbon equivalent of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide are calculated and then multiplied by their GWP on a 100 year time frame. The Carbon Equivalents of the following gases have been determined and used in the program are shown in the following table.
The resulting carbon equivalents by fuel type are shown in the output of the program along with the individual gas pollutants.
Fossil Fuel Emissions Factors[LINK]
Emission factors for on-site fossil fuel consumption are based on Section 1.4 Natural Gas Combustion in EPA (1998a) Table 86 shows the greenhouse gas and precursors and criteria pollutant emissions factors for natural gas. Similar emissions factors are shown for residual fuel oil (No. 4 and No. 6 fuel oil) [Table 87], distillates (No. 1 and No. 2 fuel oil) [Table 88], residential oil furnace [Table 89], LPG (butane and propane) [Table 90], gasoline and diesel [Table 91], and coal [Table 92] in the indicated tables. Note that a zero for a pollutant in the table may mean that no data were available, not that there are no emissions of that pollutant.
Table: Emission Factors for Natural Gas
Pollutant Emission Factora (g/MJ)
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 50.23439
Carbon Monoxide (CO) 3.51641E-02
Methane (CH4) 9.62826E-04
Nitrogen Oxides (NOX) 4.18620E-02
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)b 9.20964E-04
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)c 2.51172E-04
Particulate Matter (PM)d 3.18151E-03
Particulate Matter (PM10)d 2.38613E-03
Particulate Matter (PM2.5)d 7.95378E-04
Ammonia (NH3) 0e
Volatile Organic Compounds (NMVOC) 2.30241E-03
Mercury (Hg) 1.08841E-07
Lead (Pb) 2.09310E-07
Table: Emission Factors for Residual Fuel Oil (No. 4 and No. 6 Fuel Oil)
Pollutant No. 6 Fuel Oil No. 4 Fuel Oil
Emission Factora (g/MJ) Emission Factora (g/MJ)**
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 76.77128 76.77128
Carbon Monoxide (CO) 1.53543E-02 1.53543E-02
Methane (CH4) 1.45865E-03 6.63304E-04
Nitrogen Oxides (NOX) 1.68897E-01 6.14170E-02
Nitrous Oxide (N2O) 3.37794E-04 3.37794E-04
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)b 4.82124E-01 4.60628E-01
Particulate Matter (PM)c 2.56109E-02 2.14960E-02
Particulate Matter (PM10)c 1.58763E-02 1.58763E-02
Particulate Matter (PM2.5)c 5.89603E-03 5.89603E-03
Ammonia (NH3) 0d 0d
Volatile Organic Compounds (NMVOC) 3.47006E-03 1.04409E-03
Mercury (Hg) 3.47006E-06 3.47006E-06
Lead (Pb) 4.63699E-06 4.63699E-06
Table: Emission Factors for Distillates (No. 1 and No. 2 Fuel Oil)
Pollutant No. 1 Fuel Oil No. 2 Fuel Oil
Emission Factora (g/MJ) Emission Factora (g/MJ)**
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 66.02330 68.47998
Carbon Monoxide (CO) 1.53543E-02 1.53543E-02
Methane (CH4) 6.63304E-04 6.63304E-04
Nitrogen Oxides (NOX) 6.14170E-02 7.37004E-02
Nitrous Oxide (N2O) 3.37794E-04 3.37794E-04
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)b 4.36061E-01 4.82124E-01
Particulate Matter (PM)c 6.14170E-03 6.14170E-03
Particulate Matter (PM10)c 3.31652E-03 3.31652E-03
Particulate Matter (PM2.5)c 2.54881E-03 2.54881E-03
Ammonia (NH3) 0d 0d
Volatile Organic Compounds (NMVOC) 1.04409E-03 1.04409E-03
Mercury (Hg) 3.47006E-06 3.47006E-06
Lead (Pb) 4.63699E-06 4.63699E-06
Table: Emission Factors for Residential Oil Furnace
Pollutant Emission Factora (g/MJ)
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 68.48237
Carbon Monoxide (CO) 1.53543E-02
Methane (CH4) 5.46612E-02
Nitrogen Oxides (NOX) 5.52753E-02
Nitrous Oxide (N2O) 1.53543E-04
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)b 4.36061E-01
Particulate Matter (PM)c 2.14960E-02
Particulate Matter (PM10)c 1.58763E-02
Particulate Matter (PM2.5)c 5.89603E-03
Ammonia (NH3) 0d
Volatile Organic Compounds (NMVOC) 2.18952E-03
Mercury (Hg) 3.47006E-06
Lead (Pb) 4.63699E-06
Table: Emission Factors for LPG (butane and propane)
Pollutant LPG (butane) Propane
Emission Factora (g/MJ) Emission Factora (g/MJ)**
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 66.02330 68.47998
Carbon Monoxide (CO) 1.53543E-02 1.53543E-02
Methane (CH4) 6.63304E-04 6.63304E-04
Nitrogen Oxides (NOX) 6.14170E-02 7.37004E-02
Nitrous Oxide (N2O) 3.37794E-04 3.37794E-04
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)b 4.36061E-01 4.82124E-01
Particulate Matter (PM)c 6.14170E-03 6.14170E-03
Particulate Matter (PM10)c 3.31652E-03 3.31652E-03
Particulate Matter (PM2.5)c 2.54881E-03 2.54881E-03
Ammonia (NH3) 0d 0d
Volatile Organic Compounds (NMVOC) 1.04409E-03 1.04409E-03
Mercury (Hg) 3.47006E-06 3.47006E-06
Lead (Pb) 4.63699E-06 4.63699E-06
Table: Emission Factors for Gasoline and Diesel
Pollutant Gasoline Diesel
Emission Factora (g/MJ) Emission Factora (g/MJ)**
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 66.20808 70.50731
Carbon Monoxide (CO) 2.69561E+01 4.08426E-01
Methane (CH4) 0c 0c
Nitrogen Oxides (NOX) 7.00774E-01 1.89596E+00
Nitrous Oxide (N2O) 0c 0c
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) 3.61135E-02 1.24678E-01
Particulate Matter (PM)b 0c 0c
Particulate Matter (PM10)b 4.29923E-02 1.33276E-01
Particulate Matter (PM2.5)b 0c 0c
Ammonia (NH3) 0c 0c
Volatile Organic Compounds (NMVOC) 9.02837E-01 1.50473E-01
Mercury (Hg) 0c 0c
Lead (Pb) 0c 0c
Table: Emission Factors for Coal
Pollutant Bituminous Anthracite Lignite
Emission Factora (g/MJ) Emission Factorb (g/MJ) Emission Factorc (g/MJ)**
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 91.11052 99.26669 152.12646
Carbon Monoxide (CO) 8.26774E-03 1.04859E-02 8.26774E-03
Methane (CH4) 6.61419E-04 0f 0f
Nitrogen Oxides (NOX) 1.98426E-01 3.14578E-01 2.34804E-01
Nitrous Oxide (N2O) 4.96065E-04 0f 0f
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)d 6.28348E-01 6.81585E-01 9.92129E-01
Particulate Matter (PM)e 1.65355E-01 1.74765E-01 2.18268E-01
Particulate Matter (PM10)e 3.80316E-02 4.01960E-02 7.60632E-02
Particulate Matter (PM2.5)e 9.92129E-03 1.04859E-02 2.18268E-02
Ammonia (NH3) 0f 0f 0f
Volatile Organic Compounds (NMVOC) 9.92129E-04 2.14961E-02 1.32284E-03
Mercury (Hg) 6.94490E-06 2.27195E-06 2.74489E-06
Lead (Pb) 1.37245E-06 1.55541E-04 1.38898E-05
Off-Site Electricity Generation Emissions[LINK]
While estimating emissions from on-site fossil fuel combustion can be fairly straight-forward, emissions from off-site electricity is more challenging. How the electricity is generated, i.e., from gas, oil, coal, nuclear, renewable sources (wind, PV) or hydroelectric, and the mix of generation determines the resulting level of emissions. While data are available at utility and even power plant level (from the sources cited), data are shown here for United States national- and state-level average emissions from electricity generation. Table 93 provides average greenhouse gas and precursors and criteria pollutant emissions factors for the entire United States from electricity generation. Table 94 provides average electricity emissions factors by state, for greenhouse gas and precursors, and Table 95 for criteria pollutant emission factors. These two tables also include a ratio of heat input to electric output (efficiency of electricity generation) including distribution and transmission losses to allow calculation of source energy.
As mentioned in the introduction to this section, EnergyPlus also calculates water consumed through evaporation in thermo-electric and hydro-electric generation. Torcellini, Long, and Judkoff (2004) provide data on average water consumption by generator type by state. These data are summarized in units suitable for EnergyPlus in Table 93, for national and state average water consumption for thermal-electric, hydro-electric, and Table 94 for weighted total electricity generation.
Table: United States National Average Emission Factors for Electricity Generation
Efficiency Ratio (J/J)**
Ratio of Heat Input to Electricity Outputa 2.253
Pollutant Emission Factor (g/MJ)
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)b 168.333168
Carbon Monoxide (CO)c 4.20616E-02
Methane (CH4)b 1.39858E-03
Nitrogen Oxides (NOX)a 4.10753E-01
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)b 2.41916E-03
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)a 8.65731E-01
Particulate Matter (PM)c,d 2.95827E-02
Particulate Matter (PM10)c,d 1.80450E-02
Particulate Matter (PM2.5)c,d 1.15377E-02
Ammonia (NH3)c 1.10837E-03
Volatile Organic Compounds (NMVOC)a 3.72332E-03
Mercury (Hg)c 3.36414E-06
Lead (Pb) 0e
Table: U. S. State Average Greenhouse Gas Emission Factors for Electricity Generation, in g/MJ
Ratio of Heat Input to Electric Output Carbon Dioxide (CO2)b Carbon Monoxide (CO)c Methane (CH4)b Nitrogen Oxides (NOX)a Nitrous Oxide (N2O)b Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)a
Alabama 2.230 165.30922 1.45087E+03 1.72617E-03 4.02311E-01 2.80975E-03 1.13940E+00
Alaska 2.734 173.87708 3.71694E+02 8.56786E-04 7.29024E-01 1.12138E-03 2.38136E-01
Arizona 1.694 132.29777 8.26924E+02 8.56786E-04 2.74423E-01 1.94037E-03 2.27552E-01
Arkansas 2.207 162.03327 6.41833E+02 1.57497E-03 2.87149E-01 2.55776E-03 4.24991E-01
California 1.422 76.35472 2.91370E+03 8.44186E-04 6.56449E-02 4.66192E-04 3.04915E-02
Colorado 3.101 242.67192 1.51197E+03 1.60017E-03 4.74004E-01 3.64134E-03 5.83874E-01
Connecticut 1.720 118.69000 3.21421E+02 2.19236E-03 1.81563E-01 1.51197E-03 3.78750E-01
Delaware 2.736 230.57612 1.31290E+02 1.54977E-03 4.12517E-01 2.86015E-03 1.10866E+00
District of Columbia 4.844 172.11310 8.94585E+00 1.48677E-03 7.29528E-01 2.59556E-03 1.62487E+00
Florida 2.694 175.64105 6.12954E+03 1.88997E-03 4.73122E-01 2.26796E-03 1.00584E+00
Georgia 2.119 172.11310 1.05889E+03 1.62537E-03 4.00043E-01 2.84755E-03 1.11974E+00
Hawaii 2.950 209.40848 1.17682E+02 2.69635E-03 7.27512E-01 2.30576E-03 5.44437E-01
Idaho 0.213 3.52794 0 1.00798E-03 1.07098E-02 4.15793E-04 1.05838E-02
Illinois 1.694 146.66153 1.85292E+03 1.03318E-03 4.41749E-01 2.26796E-03 1.11811E+00
Indiana 3.281 261.57160 2.14058E+03 1.80177E-03 7.30284E-01 4.06973E-03 1.88846E+00
Iowa 3.033 237.12801 7.57877E+02 1.73877E-03 5.61447E-01 3.75474E-03 1.04566E+00
Kansas 2.826 212.18043 8.65983E+02 1.41118E-03 5.58801E-01 3.20035E-03 7.06596E-01
Kentucky 3.234 253.00374 1.50857E+03 1.76397E-03 8.41036E-01 4.04453E-03 1.79257E+00
Lousiana 2.624 148.42550 1.68116E+04 1.18438E-03 3.41958E-01 1.41118E-03 5.05755E-01
Maine 2.191 107.35019 4.92778E+02 7.11888E-03 1.79547E-01 3.40194E-03 4.04327E-01
Maryland 2.277 172.11310 4.89502E+02 1.48677E-03 5.37759E-01 2.59556E-03 1.38837E+00
Massachusetts 2.729 161.02529 7.89125E+02 2.19236E-03 2.89165E-01 2.00337E-03 8.01347E-01
Michigan 2.616 199.07665 1.69354E+03 1.83957E-03 4.91770E-01 3.14995E-03 9.76988E-01
Minnesota 2.331 163.04126 6.96264E+02 1.66317E-03 5.02354E-01 2.07897E-03 5.06889E-01
Mississippi 2.404 231.83610 2.17976E+03 1.58757E-03 4.66570E-01 3.62874E-03 8.98239E-01
Missouri 2.857 192.02077 1.29753E+03 1.97817E-03 6.41707E-01 3.11215E-03 9.07059E-01
Montana 1.936 180.68096 4.13147E+02 1.36078E-03 3.58212E-01 2.86015E-03 2.01219E-01
Nebraska 2.195 176.39703 4.68208E+02 1.19698E-03 3.94121E-01 2.75935E-03 5.29065E-01
Nevada 2.615 191.26478 3.82278E+02 1.13398E-03 4.01807E-01 2.45696E-03 4.02815E-01
New Hampshire 1.394 85.93055 2.63588E+02 2.16716E-03 2.03109E-01 1.77657E-03 8.71275E-01
New Jersey 1.451 88.95450 2.27250E+03 9.70184E-04 1.76649E-01 9.95383E-04 2.31206E-01
New Mexico 3.307 254.26372 8.56408E+02 1.65057E-03 6.57583E-01 3.72954E-03 5.70140E-01
New York 1.808 108.10618 1.93835E+03 1.02058E-03 1.69089E-01 1.12138E-03 4.68082E-01
North Carolina 1.969 156.48937 1.10286E+03 1.32298E-03 4.68712E-01 2.55776E-03 1.00131E+00
North Dakota 3.244 282.48725 9.01389E+02 1.85217E-03 6.44731E-01 4.27133E-03 1.52697E+00
Ohio 2.736 226.79619 1.58757E+03 1.63797E-03 7.67579E-01 3.62874E-03 2.33562E+00
Oklahoma 3.024 216.96835 1.67262E+03 1.38598E-03 5.11425E-01 2.80975E-03 5.11047E-01
Oregon 0.526 35.53140 1.86855E+02 4.15793E-04 5.26671E-02 4.28393E-04 7.50947E-02
Pennsylvania 1.827 159.26132 1.85885E+03 1.34818E-03 3.29232E-01 2.55776E-03 1.25834E+00
Rhode Island 2.561 132.54977 1.67955E+02 8.56786E-04 6.21170E-02 5.92190E-04 4.53592E-03
South Carolina 1.300 105.08223 8.38642E+02 1.14658E-03 2.54264E-01 1.82697E-03 6.04790E-01
South Dakota 1.192 100.54631 9.79004E+01 6.67789E-04 5.44941E-01 1.52457E-03 5.81354E-01
Tennessee 1.902 163.29325 9.09579E+02 1.32298E-03 5.10165E-01 2.67116E-03 1.18123E+00
Texas 2.749 184.46090 9.63405E+03 9.70184E-04 3.27720E-01 1.83957E-03 4.90888E-01
Utah 3.095 243.67990 5.13063E+02 1.68837E-03 5.26545E-01 3.88073E-03 2.13314E-01
Vermont 0.306 3.52794 1.38472E+02 1.20958E-03 1.94037E-02 4.91392E-04 2.14196E-03
Virginia 1.924 146.66153 9.12729E+02 1.72617E-03 3.65016E-01 2.41916E-03 7.86857E-01
Washington 0.414 30.99548 4.29653E+02 4.66192E-04 5.30451E-02 5.03992E-04 1.90383E-01
West Virginia 2.917 248.97181 1.27938E+03 1.72617E-03 7.77659E-01 3.98153E-03 1.86918E+00
Wisconsin 2.680 206.88852 1.00471E+03 1.73877E-03 4.97440E-01 3.27594E-03 9.25076E-01
Wyoming 3.534 270.39145 9.01389E+02 1.85217E-03 5.59431E-01 4.25873E-03 5.78708E-01
Table: U. S. State Average Criteria Pollutant Emission Factors for Electricity Generation, in g/MJ
Particulate Matter (PM)cd Particulate Matter (PM10)cd Particulate Matter (PM2.5)cd Ammonia (NH3)c Volatile Organic Compounds (NMVOC)a Mercury (Hg)c Lead (Pb)e
Alabama 7.91048E-03 7.86328E-03 4.72023E-05 3.55049E-05 4.66784E-03 5.14071E-06 0e
Alaska 8.96502E-03 8.85977E-03 1.05247E-04 6.51454E-06 2.82297E-03 3.27594E-07 0e
Arizona 1.70555E-02 1.69322E-02 1.23202E-04 1.80226E-04 2.27385E-03 1.88997E-06 0e
Arkansas 9.27803E-03 9.19307E-03 8.49561E-05 4.59383E-04 3.46429E-03 2.73415E-06 0e
California 7.16813E-03 7.07819E-03 8.99402E-05 4.02651E-03 2.62453E-03 1.38598E-07 0e
Colorado 7.29822E-03 7.23699E-03 6.12291E-05 9.56430E-05 4.36770E-03 1.62537E-06 0e
Connecticut 1.22734E-02 1.21694E-02 1.04033E-04 2.22944E-03 3.93896E-03 1.18438E-06 0e
Delaware 1.39283E-02 1.38287E-02 9.96131E-05 1.54469E-03 4.74441E-03 3.62874E-06 0e
District of Columbia 2.88269E-02 2.84861E-02 3.40760E-04 8.76496E-03 2.30080E-02 0 0e
Florida 4.33040E-02 4.29055E-02 3.98460E-04 1.58386E-03 3.39110E-03 1.71357E-06 0e
Georgia 2.05237E-02 2.03865E-02 1.37175E-04 7.51637E-05 2.16686E-03 3.20035E-06 0e
Hawaii 5.97339E-03 5.90409E-03 6.92999E-05 3.55697E-03 7.01715E-03 1.77657E-06 0e
Idaho 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Illinois 1.53276E-01 1.52156E-01 1.12047E-03 5.93583E-03 2.77818E-02 4.62412E-06 0e
Indiana 2.18862E-02 2.17008E-02 1.85453E-04 5.75861E-04 4.87283E-03 4.86352E-06 0e
Iowa 2.34564E-02 2.32698E-02 1.86674E-04 9.09228E-05 4.78644E-03 6.19910E-06 0e
Kansas 2.41783E-02 2.39535E-02 2.24799E-04 4.19292E-04 5.39089E-03 4.93912E-06 0e
Kentucky 1.69397E-02 1.68139E-02 1.25825E-04 4.35029E-05 3.80922E-03 4.71232E-06 0e
Lousiana 1.79917E-02 1.77843E-02 2.07304E-04 1.66720E-03 1.02357E-02 1.41118E-06 0e
Maine 3.36399E-03 3.34131E-03 2.26813E-05 1.55132E-03 9.62614E-03 4.53592E-07 0e
Maryland 2.13382E-02 2.12038E-02 1.34391E-04 7.21581E-04 2.78881E-03 4.88872E-06 0e
Mass-achusetts 8.85244E-03 8.76617E-03 8.62772E-05 1.70282E-03 3.49171E-03 1.88997E-06 0e
Michigan 9.08755E-03 9.00520E-03 8.23449E-05 2.22140E-04 2.79017E-03 3.67914E-06 0e
Minnesota 4.04781E-02 4.01455E-02 3.32617E-04 6.74889E-05 4.13240E-03 3.30114E-06 0e
Mississippi 5.44446E-02 5.37910E-02 6.53601E-04 4.06289E-02 1.54329E-02 2.45696E-06 0e
Missouri 1.25537E-02 1.24368E-02 1.16929E-04 6.48638E-05 4.98085E-03 4.67452E-06 0e
Montana 3.67504E-03 3.64126E-03 3.37798E-05 4.01020E-05 3.14400E-03 3.77994E-06 0e
Nebraska 1.33751E-02 1.32829E-02 9.21636E-05 6.90470E-05 5.23031E-03 3.59094E-06 0e
Nevada 2.09146E-02 2.07657E-02 1.48886E-04 3.79659E-04 3.33440E-03 1.36078E-06 0e
New Hampshire 3.09503E-02 3.06487E-02 3.01568E-04 7.16019E-04 2.45937E-03 3.40194E-07 0e
New Jersey 3.45712E-02 3.41460E-02 4.25200E-04 1.24216E-04 1.52830E-02 1.28518E-06 0e
New Mexico 5.20754E-02 5.16748E-02 4.00653E-04 4.41665E-04 5.12951E-03 8.41666E-06 0e
New York 5.35802E-03 5.31301E-03 4.50068E-05 2.22325E-03 4.26008E-03 1.33558E-06 0e
North Carolina 3.40955E-02 3.38325E-02 2.62976E-04 3.00504E-05 1.73434E-03 3.33894E-06 0e
North Dakota 5.17162E-02 5.13979E-02 3.18277E-04 6.41672E-05 6.88995E-03 8.71905E-06 0e
Ohio 1.38722E-02 1.37957E-02 7.64501E-05 1.11541E-04 2.59201E-03 6.24949E-06 0e
Oklahoma 1.83971E-02 1.82479E-02 1.49160E-04 9.73713E-04 4.68484E-03 3.88073E-06 0e
Oregon 3.47911E-03 3.46199E-03 1.71186E-05 4.43277E-06 5.31933E-04 3.77994E-07 0e
Pennsylvania 2.21604E-02 2.20060E-02 1.54356E-04 1.47657E-04 1.51542E-03 6.56449E-06 0e
Rhode Island 1.03973E-03 1.02744E-03 1.22906E-05 0 2.25247E-03 0 0e
South Carolina 2.45530E-02 2.43803E-02 1.72632E-04 2.51344E-05 1.16735E-03 1.54977E-06 0e
South Dakota 4.67825E-03 4.63562E-03 4.26239E-05 8.82976E-05 4.63562E-03 1.22218E-06 0e
Tennessee 2.51650E-02 2.48944E-02 2.70575E-04 2.70034E-05 2.88396E-03 2.98615E-06 0e
Texas 1.73147E-02 1.71765E-02 1.38283E-04 1.26310E-03 4.32150E-03 3.52794E-06 0e
Utah 1.47314E-02 1.46364E-02 9.50155E-05 9.59315E-05 2.48737E-03 9.70184E-07 0e
Vermont 1.16247E-03 1.14873E-03 1.37415E-05 1.80704E-05 2.12073E-03 0 0e
Virginia 1.22315E-02 1.21362E-02 9.53635E-05 2.93259E-04 2.50975E-03 2.21756E-06 0e
Washington 5.37627E-04 5.32210E-04 5.41708E-06 6.46409E-06 6.87348E-04 5.92190E-07 0e
West Virginia 2.39677E-03 2.38177E-03 1.50018E-05 4.25792E-05 3.09497E-03 6.55189E-06 0e
Wisconsin 7.34187E-03 7.28252E-03 5.93472E-05 6.45613E-05 4.61829E-03 4.83832E-06 0e
Wyoming 5.08215E-02 5.06042E-02 2.17349E-04 5.19787E-05 4.78782E-03 5.27931E-06 0e
Table: United States National Average Water Consumption Factorsa
Thermoelectric Generation Hydroelectric Generation Weighted Total Water Consumption
L/MJ Percent of Total Generation L/MJ Percent of Total Generation L/MJ
United States 0.4960 89.4% 19.2095 8.6% 2.1007
Table: U.S. State Average Water Consumption Factors for Electricity Generationa
Thermoelectric Generation Hydroelectric Generation Weighted Total Water Consumption
State L/MJ Percent of Total Generation L/MJ Percent of Total Generation L/MJ
Alabama 0.1503 89.8% 38.9053 6.4% 2.6274
Alaska 0.3295 86.2% – 13.8% 0.2839
Arizona 0.3313 88.3% 68.1928 11.7% 8.2533
Arkansas 0.3000 89.5% – 5.7% 0.2684
California 0.0511 74.1% 21.9430 22.0% 4.8739
Colorado 0.5368 96.0% 18.8333 4.0% 1.2600
Connecticut 0.0860 90.8% – 1.5% 0.0781
Delaware 0.0132 99.9% – 0.0% 0.0132
District of Columbia 1.6959 100.0% – 0.0% 1.6959
Florida 0.1506 95.7% – 0.1% 0.1441
Georgia 0.6267 93.6% 49.8599 2.3% 1.7339
Hawaii 0.0440 92.4% – 1.1% 0.0407
Idaho 0.0000 2.7% 8.9528 92.2% 8.2501
Illinois 1.1093 99.4% – 0.1% 1.1032
Indiana 0.4350 99.6% – 0.3% 0.4331
Iowa 0.1229 97.3% – 2.5% 0.1196
Kansas 0.6099 100.0% – 0.0% 0.6098
Kentucky 1.1521 97.2% 162.2884 2.8% 5.5990
Louisiana 1.6411 94.2% – 0.9% 1.5461
Maine 0.3049 40.4% – 28.7% 0.1231
Maryland 0.0343 95.3% 7.0617 2.7% 0.2259
Massachusetts 0.0000 92.4% – 2.4% 0.0000
Michigan 0.5221 95.8% – 1.4% 0.4999
Minnesota 0.4657 93.4% – 2.4% 0.4351
Mississippi 0.4145 94.4% – 0.0% 0.3912
Missouri 0.3213 97.4% – 2.5% 0.3130
Montana 1.0051 55.8% 38.6619 44.1% 17.5997
Nebraska 0.2020 94.5% 2.2888 5.5% 0.3165
Nevada 0.5936 90.6% 77.1023 9.2% 7.6260
New Hampshire 0.1231 83.9% – 8.6% 0.1033
New Jersey 0.0747 97.6% – 0.0% 0.0729
New Mexico 0.6609 99.3% 71.5070 0.7% 1.1886
New York 0.8951 81.3% 5.8535 16.7% 1.7040
North Carolina 0.2445 95.5% 10.9089 3.1% 0.5751
North Dakota 0.3809 91.7% 60.7730 8.3% 5.3968
Ohio 0.9972 99.1% – 0.3% 0.9884
Oklahoma 0.5378 93.7% 144.0133 5.8% 8.8254
Oregon 0.8633 18.4% 4.6351 80.7% 3.8990
Pennsylvania 0.5700 97.6% – 1.0% 0.5563
Rhode Island 0.0000 98.2% – 0.1% 0.0000
South Carolina 0.2754 97.2% – 1.9% 0.2677
South Dakota 0.0143 36.7% 120.7558 63.2% 76.3811
Tennessee 0.0026 90.8% 45.5853 8.3% 3.7833
Texas 0.4595 99.0% – 0.3% 0.4550
Utah 0.5959 96.6% 77.1150 3.4% 3.2090
Vermont 0.3642 71.5% – 20.9% 0.2605
Virginia 0.0693 94.9% – 0.9% 0.0657
Washington 0.3013 15.7% 3.3506 83.2% 2.8344
West Virginia 0.6180 99.0% – 1.0% 0.6119
Wisconsin 0.5199 93.6% – 3.3% 0.4867
Wyoming 0.5190 97.1% 144.0177 2.7% 4.3654
a Based on data from Torcellini, Long, and Judkoff (2004).
Other Energy-Related Pollutants and Sources of Other Information[LINK]
EnergyPlus (with user entered-data) will also calculate high- and low-level nuclear waste from electricity generation. Few utilities now provide data on nuclear waste resulting from electricity generation and no US national or state-level data are yet available (this will be added as data become available). Two Illinois utilities regularly report nuclear waste in terms of pounds per kWh or MWh for high-level waste and cubic feet per kWh or MWh for low-level waste. For these two utilities, high level nuclear waste values range from 0.0042 to 0.01 lb/MWh (7000 to 16000 g/MJ); low-level nuclear waste ranges from 0.0001 to 0.0002 ft3/MWh (0.01 to 0.02 m3/MJ) depending on relative proportion of nuclear as compared with other electricity generation sources.
IEA (2003) contains carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions factors for electricity generation by country and region. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is responsible for over 60% of the anthropogenic greenhouse effect (UNEP 2002). Because only limited greenhouse gas emissions factors and data (other than CO2) is available for other countries, an interim method for estimating emission factors would be to compare the CO2 emission factor for the particular country from IEA (2003) and match it to the state with the closest CO2 emission factor in Table 94—using the other emissions factors for that state. Since the Kyoto Protocol (UNFCCC 1997) requires each country to report emissions of the major greenhouse gases [carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O)] as well as ozone-depleting substances [hydrofluorocarbons (HFC), perfluorocarbons (PFC), and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)] and all energy consumption in their annual ‘national communication’, more complete emission factors for a larger number of countries should become available over the next few years. More information and other resources for calculating emissions factors are available in IPCC (2000, 1997).
References[LINK]
Crawley, Drury B. 2003. “Impact of Climate Change on Buildings,” in Proceedings of the CIBSE/ASHRAE International Conference 2003, September 2003, Edinburgh, Scotland. London, England: CIBSE.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2001. Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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