Group – Airflow[LINK]

An important characteristic of energy consumption in buildings is the airflow between zones and airflow due to natural ventilation (e.g., open windows) or mechanically-induced ventilation (e.g., exhaust air fans). This group of objects describes those elements.

The AirflowNetwork model can also be used to model infiltration and mixing (zone-to-zone air flow) with or without the HVAC air distribution system operating (see Group – Airflow Network).

ZoneInfiltration:DesignFlowRate[LINK]

Infiltration is the unintended flow of air from the outdoor environment directly into a thermal zone. Infiltration is generally caused by the opening and closing of exterior doors, cracks around windows, and even in very small amounts through building elements. The basic equation used to calculate infiltration with this object is:

$I n f i l t r a t i o n = (I_{d e s i g n}) (F_{s c h e d u l e}) [A + B | (T_{z o n e} - T_{o d b}) | + C (W i n d S p e e d) + D (W i n d s p e e d^{2})]$

More advanced infiltration calculations are possible using the EnergyPlus AirflowNetwork model for natural infiltration driven by wind and/or by forced air. Infiltration described by the equation shown above is entered into EnergyPlus using the following syntax. Exfiltration (the leakage of zone air to the outside) is generally handled better as zone exhaust air in the zone equipment description. The equation must always yield a non-negative results; negative values are set to 0.0.

The question of typical values for these coefficients is subject to debate. Ideally, one should do a detailed analysis of the infiltration situation and then determine a custom set of coefficients using methods such as those laid out in Chapter 26 of the ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals. The EnergyPlus defaults are 1,0,0,0 which give a constant volume flow of infiltration under all conditions.

BLAST (one of the EnergyPlus predecessors) used the following values as defaults: 0.606, 0.03636, 0.1177, 0. These coefficients produce a value of 1.0 at 0 $^{\circ}$ C deltaT and 3.35 m/s (7.5 mph) windspeed, which corresponds to a typical summer condition. At a winter condition of 40 $^{\circ}$ C deltaT and 6 m/s (13.4 mph) windspeed, these coefficients would increase the infiltration rate by a factor of 2.75.

In DOE-2 (the other EnergyPlus predecessor), the air change method defaults are (adjusted to SI units) 0, 0, 0.224 (windspeed), 0. With these coefficients, the summer conditions above would give a factor of 0.75, and the winter conditions would give 1.34. A windspeed of 4.47 m/s (10 mph) gives a factor of 1.0.

The source of the BLAST defaults is noted in the BLAST documentation as:

“Empirical equation and the coefficient default were determined from ASHRAE journal articles and other data on the effects of outdoor weather conditions.”

The source of the DOE-2 defaults is based on examining the infiltration relationships described in the ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals.

The EnergyPlus example files use all of the above, the BLAST defaults in some (e.g., GeometryTest), the DOE-2 defaults in some (e.g., 5ZoneAirCooled), and the EnergyPlus defaults in some (e.g., LgOffVAVDetCoil).

The local outdoor dry-bulb temperature used in the above basic equation (T $_{o d b}$ ) is typically a function of the height of the zone centroid above ground. The corresponding zone name is given in the second field. The local outdoor dry-bulb temperature calculation procedure is given in the section of “Local Outdoor Air Temperature Calculation” in the Engineering Reference.

The local outdoor wind speed used in the above basic equation (WindSpeed) is also a function of the height of the zone centroid above ground. The corresponding zone name is given in the second filed. The local outdoor wind speed calculation procedure is given in the section of “Local Wind Speed Calculation” in the Engineering Reference.

Note: When the value of the Wind Speed Profile Exponent field in the Site:HeightVariation is equal to 0.0. The local wind speed is always equal to the wind speed given in the weather data and will not be dependent on zone centroid height. Similarly, if the value of the Air Temperature Gradient Coefficient is set equal to 0 the local air dry-bulb temperature is also always equal to the air dry-bulb temperature given in the weather data and will not be dependent on zone centroid height.

One or more infiltration objects can be defined for each zone, and the resulting infiltration rate for the zone will simply be the summation of the flow rates specified by the infiltration objects.

Inputs[LINK]

Field: Name[LINK]

The name of the ZoneInfiltration:DesignFlowRate object. This needs to be unique across all different ZoneInfiltration objects.

Field: Zone or ZoneList or Space or SpaceList Name[LINK]

This field applies this ZoneInfiltration:DesignFlowRate object to one or more thermal zones or spaces in the building. The Zone, Zonelist or SpaceList options can be used effectively with the watts/area and watts/person options of the Design Level Calculation Method to place a varying equipment load at the same density in each zone or space. The names of the actual ZoneInfiltration:DesignFlowRate objects may be concatenated as <Space Name> <ZoneInfiltration:DesignFlowRate Object Name>. See Specifying Applicable Zone(s) or Space(s) for more details.

Field: Schedule Name[LINK]

This field is the name of the schedule (ref: Schedule) that modifies the maximum design volume flow rate (I $_{d e s i g n}$ ) (see Design Flow Rate Calculation Method field and related subsequent fields). This fraction between 0.0 and 1.0 is noted as F $_{s c h e d u l e}$ in the above equation. If left blank, the schedule defaults to always 1.0.

Field: Design Flow Rate Calculation Method[LINK]

This field is a key/choice field that tells which of the next four fields are filled and is descriptive of the method for calculating the design volume flow rate. The key/choices are:

Flow/Zone: With this choice, the method used will be a straight insertion of the design volume flow rate. (The Design Flow Rate field should be filled.)
Flow/Area: With this choice, the method used will be a factor per floor area of the zone. (The Flow Rate per Area field should be filled.)
Flow/ExteriorArea: With this choice, the method used will be a factor per exterior surface area of the zone. (The Flow Rate per Exterior Surface Area field should be filled.)
Flow/ExteriorWallArea: With this choice, the method used will be a factor per exterior wall surface area of the zone. (The Flow Rate per Exterior Surface Area field should be filled.)
AirChanges/Hour: With this choice, the method used will be the number of air changes per hour for the infiltration amount. This factor, along with the Zone Volume, will be used to determine the Design Flow Rate. (The Air Changes per Hour field should be filled.)

Field: Design Flow Rate[LINK]

This field denotes the full design volume flow rate (m $^{3}$ /s). The previous field should choose “flow/zone” as the choice. The design volume flow rate (noted as I $_{d e s i g n}$ in the above equation) is the maximum amount of infiltration expected at design conditions. The design value is modified by the schedule fraction (see Field:Schedule Name) and user specified coefficients (see “coefficient” fields below). The resulting volume flow rate is converted to mass flow using the current outdoor air density at each time step.

Field: Flow Rate per Floor Area[LINK]

This factor (m $^{3}$ /s-m $^{2}$ ) is used, along with the Zone or Space Floor Area to determine the maximum Design Flow Rate as described in the Design Flow Rate field. The choice from the method field should be “Flow/Area”.

Field: Flow Rate per Exterior Surface Area[LINK]

This factor (m $^{3}$ /s-m $^{2}$ ) is used, along with the Exterior Surface Area in the Zone or Space to determine the maximum Design Flow Rate as described in the Design Flow Rate field. The choice from the method field should be “Flow/ExteriorArea” or “Flow/ExteriorWallArea”.

Field: Air Changes per Hour[LINK]

This factor is used, along with the Zone Volume to determine the maximum Design Flow Rate as described in the Design Flow Rate field. The choice from the method field should be “AirChanges/Hour”.

Field: Constant Term Coefficient[LINK]

This number is the “A” parameter in the above infiltration equation. It is part of the user specified modifying parameters that are a function of environmental factors. This parameter, however, is a constant under all conditions and is not modified by any environmental effect. As a result, it is dimensionless.

Field: Temperature Term Coefficient[LINK]

This number is the “B” parameter in the above infiltration equation. It is part of the user specified modifying parameters that are a function of environmental factors. This parameter is modified by the temperature difference between the outdoor and indoor air dry-bulb temperatures. The units for this parameter are inverse Celsius.

Field: Velocity Term Coefficient[LINK]

This number is the “C” parameter in the above infiltration equation. It is part of the user specified modifying parameters that are a function of environmental factors. This parameter is modified by the speed of wind being experienced outside the building. The units for this parameter are s/m.

Field: Velocity Squared Term Coefficient[LINK]

This number is the “D” parameter in the above infiltration equation. It is part of the user specified modifying parameters that are a function of environmental factors. This parameter is modified by square of the speed of wind being experienced outside the building. The units for this parameter are s $^{2}$ /m $^{2}$ .

An IDF example:

ZoneInfiltration:DesignFlowRate,
    Infiltration 1,   !- Name
    DORM ROOMS AND COMMON AREAS, !- Zone Name
    Infiltration Sch, !- Schedule Name
    Flow/Zone,      !- Design Flow Rate Calculation Method
    2.831685,       !- Design Flow Rate {m3/s}
    ,               !- Flow Rate per Floor Area {m3/s/m2}
    ,               !- Flow Rate per Exterior Surface Area {m3/s/m2}
    ,               !- Air Changes per Hour
    0.6060000    ,  !- Constant Term Coefficient
    3.6359996E-02,  !- Temperature Term Coefficient
    0.1177165    ,  !- Velocity Term Coefficient
    0.0000000E+00;  !- Velocity Squared Term Coefficient

Global Infiltration example:

ZoneList,OfficeZones,Left Fork, Middle Fork, Right Fork;


  ZoneInfiltration:DesignFlowRate,
    OfficeZones Infiltration,       !- Name
    OfficeZones,             !- Zone or ZoneList Name
    Infiltration Sch,        !- Schedule Name
    AirChanges/Hour,         !- Design Flow Rate Calculation Method
    ,                        !- Design Flow Rate {m3/s}
    ,                        !- Flow Rate per Floor Area {m3/s-m2}
    ,                        !- Flow Rate per Exterior Surface Area {m3/s-m2}
    4.7,                     !- Air Changes per Hour
    0.6060000,               !- Constant Term Coefficient
    3.6359996E-02,           !- Temperature Term Coefficient
    0.1177165,               !- Velocity Term Coefficient
    0.0000000E+00;           !- Velocity Squared Term Coefficient

ZoneInfiltration:EffectiveLeakageArea[LINK]

ZoneInfiltration:EffectiveLeakageArea model is similar to the other infiltration objects but uses a different equation to model the unintended flow of air from the outdoor environment directly into a thermal zone. Infiltration is generally caused by the opening and closing of exterior doors, cracks around windows, and even in very small amounts through building elements. This model is based on work by Sherman and Grimsrud (1980) and is appropriate for smaller, residential-type buildings. The equation used to calculate infiltration in the effective leakage area model is:

$I n f i l t r a t i o n = (F_{S c h e d u l e}) \frac{A_{L}}{1000} \sqrt{C_{s} Δ T + C_{w} {(W i n d S p e e d)}^{2}}$

where $Δ T$ is the average difference between zone air temperature and the outdoor air temperature and the other coefficients are described below.

Note that the coefficients for the “EffectiveLeakageArea” model are not interchangeable with the similarly named coefficients in the “FlowCoefficient” model (see ZoneInfiltration:FlowCoefficient object).

One or more infiltration objects of different types can be defined for each zone, and the resulting infiltration rate for the zone will simply be the summation of the flow rates specified by the infiltration objects.

Inputs[LINK]

Field: Name[LINK]

The name of the ZoneInfiltration:EffectiveLeakageArea object. This needs to be unique across all different ZoneInfiltration objects.

Field: Zone or Space Name[LINK]

This field applies this ZoneInfiltration:EffectiveLeakageArea object to a thermal zone or space in the building. If a Zone Name is specified and the zone contains more than one Space, the names of the actual ZoneInfiltration:EffectiveLeakageArea objects will be concatenated as <Space Name> <ZoneInfiltration:EffectiveLeakageArea Object Name>. See Specifying Applicable Zone(s) or Space(s) for more details.

Field: Schedule Name[LINK]

This field is the name of a schedule (ref: Schedule) that modifies the volume flow rate calculated by the model. This fraction between 0.0 and 1.0 is noted as F $_{s c h e d u l e}$ in the above equation. If left blank, the schedule defaults to always 1.0.

Field: Effective Air Leakage Area[LINK]

This field is the effective air leakage area, in cm $^{2}$ , at 4 Pa. This is the value $A_{L}$ in the equation above. Effective leakage area data can be obtained from a whole-building pressure test (eg. blower door test). ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals also lists typical values component leakage areas for low-rise residential (e.g. Table [table:values-for-terrain] in Chapter 26 of HoF 2001). The value should correspond to a pressure difference of 4 Pa.

Field: Stack Coefficient[LINK]

This field is the value of the stack coefficient, $C_{s}$ in the equation above. The coefficient has units of (L/s) $^{2}$ /(cm $^{4}$ $\cdot$ K). Values for the “Basic Model Stack Coefficient” listed in the ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals (2005 and 2001) are:

One story house	Two story house	Three story house
0.000145	0.000290	0.000435

Field: Wind Coefficient[LINK]

This field is the value of the wind coefficient, $C_{w}$ in the equation above. The coefficient has units of (L/s) $^{2}$ /(cm $^{4}$ $\cdot$ (m/s) $^{2}$ ). Values for the “Basic Model Wind Coefficient” listed in the ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals (2005 chapter 27; 2001, Chapter 26) depend on the type of shelter and are listed in the following tables.

Shelter class	One story house	Two story house	Three story house
1	0.000319	0.000420	0.000494
2	0.000246	0.000325	0.000382
3	0.000174	0.000231	0.000271
4	0.000104	0.000137	0.000161
5	0.000032	0.000042	0.000049

Shelter class	Description
1	No obstructions or local shielding
2	Typical shelter for an isolated rural house
3	Typical shelter caused by other buildings across the street
4	Typical shelter for urban buildings on larger lots
5	Typical shelter produced by buildings that are immediately adjacent.

An example IDF object is

ZoneInfiltration:EffectiveLeakageArea,
      LIVING ZONE Infil 1,     !- Name
      LIVING ZONE,             !- Zone Name
      INF-SCHED,               !- Schedule Name
      500.0,                   !- Effective Air Leakage Area
      0.000145,                !- Stack Coefficient
      0.000174 ;               !- Wind Coefficient

ZoneInfiltration:FlowCoefficient[LINK]

ZoneInfiltration:FlowCoefficient model is similar to the other infiltration objects but uses a different equation to model the unintended flow of air from the outdoor environment directly into a thermal zone. Infiltration is generally caused by the opening and closing of exterior doors, cracks around windows, and even in very small amounts through building elements. This reformulated model is based on the AIM-2 model by Walker and Wilson (1998) and is appropriate for smaller, residential-type buildings. The equation used to calculate infiltration in the flow coefficient model is:

$I n f i l t r a t i o n = (F_{S c h e d u l e}) \sqrt{{(c C_{s} Δ T^{n})}^{2} + {(c C_{w} {(s * W i n d S p e e d)}^{2 n})}^{2}}$

Where $Δ T$ is the average difference between zone air temperature and the outdoor air temperature and the other coefficients are described below.

Note that the coefficients for the “Flow Coefficient” model are not interchangeable with the similarly named coefficients in the “Effective Leakage Area” model (see ZoneInfiltration:EffectiveLeakageArea object).

Inputs[LINK]

Field: Name[LINK]

The name of the ZoneInfiltration:FlowCoefficient object. This needs to be unique across all different ZoneInfiltration objects.

Field: Zone or Space Name[LINK]

This field applies this ZoneInfiltration:FlowCoefficient object to a thermal zone or space in the building. If a Zone Name is specified and the zone contains more than one Space, the names of the actual ZoneInfiltration:FlowCoefficient objects will be concatenated as <Space Name> <ZoneInfiltration:FlowCoefficient Object Name>. See Specifying Applicable Zone(s) or Space(s) for more details.

Field: Schedule Name[LINK]

Field: Flow Coefficient[LINK]

This field is the flow coefficient in m $^{3}$ /(s·Pa $^{n}$ ). This is the value $c$ in the equation above. The flow coefficient can be determined from the effective leakage area and whole-building pressure tests (eg. blower door test).

Field: Stack Coefficient[LINK]

This field is the value of the stack coefficient, $C_{s}$ in the equation above. The coefficient has units of (Pa/K) $^{n}$ . Values for the “Enhanced Model Stack Coefficient” listed in the ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals (2005 and 2001) are:

	One story house	Two story house	Three story house
With Flue	0.069	0.089	0.107
No Flue	0.054	0.078	0.098

Field: Pressure Exponent[LINK]

This field is the value of the pressure exponent, $n$ in the equation above. The pressure exponent generally lies between 0.6 and 0.7 with a typical value of $n$ = 0.67 for the enhanced model.

Field: Wind Coefficient[LINK]

This field is the value of the wind coefficient, $C_{w}$ in the equation above. The coefficient has units of (Pa $\cdot$ s $^{2}$ /m $^{2}$ ) $^{n}$ . Values for the “Enhanced Model Wind Coefficient” listed in the ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals (2005 and 2001) are:

	One story house	Two story house	Three story house
Basement/slab; With Flue	0.142	0.156	0.167
Basement/slab; No Flue	0.156	0.170	0.170
Crawlspace; With Flue	0.128	0.142	0.154
Crawlspace; No Flue	0.128	0.142	0.151

Field: Shelter Factor[LINK]

This field is the value of the wind coefficient, $s$ in the equation above. The coefficient is dimensionless. Values for the “Enhanced Model Shelter Factor” listed in the ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals (2005 and 2001) are:

Shelter class	No Flue	One story house with flue	Two story house with flue	Three story house with flue
1	1.00	1.10	1.07	1.06
2	0.90	1.02	0.98	0.97
3	0.70	0.86	0.81	0.79
4	0.50	0.70	0.64	0.61
5	0.30	0.54	0.47	0.43

Shelter class	Description
1	No obstructions or local shielding
2	Typical shelter for an isolated rural house
3	Typical shelter caused by other buildings across the street
4	Typical shelter for urban buildings on larger lots
5	Typical shelter produced by buildings that are immediately adjacent.

An Example IDF object is:

ZoneInfiltration:FlowCoefficient,
      LIVING ZONE Infil 1,     !- Name
      LIVING ZONE,             !- Zone Name
      INF-SCHED,               !- Schedule Name
      0.05,                    !- Flow Coefficient
      0.089,                   !- Stack Coefficient
       0.67  ,                 !- Pressure Exponent
      0.156 ,                  !- Wind Coefficient
      0.64;                    !- Shelter Factor

Outputs[LINK]

Zone Infiltration objects have output variables for individual objects and for zone totals.

Object level outputs include:

HVAC,Sum,Infiltration Sensible Heat Loss Energy [J]
HVAC,Sum,Infiltration Sensible Heat Gain Energy [J]
HVAC,Sum,Infiltration Latent Heat Loss Energy [J]
HVAC,Sum,Infiltration Latent Heat Gain Energy [J]
HVAC,Sum,Infiltration Total Heat Loss Energy [J]
HVAC,Sum,Infiltration Total Heat Gain Energy [J]
HVAC,Average,Infiltration Current Density Volume Flow Rate [m3/s]
HVAC,Average,Infiltration Standard Density Volume Flow Rate [m3/s]
HVAC,Sum,Infiltration Current Density Volume [m3]
HVAC,Sum,Infiltration Standard Density Volume [m3]
HVAC,Sum,Infiltration Mass [kg]
HVAC,Average,Infiltration Mass Flow Rate [kg/s]
HVAC,Average,Infiltration Air Change Rate [ACH]

Zone level outputs include:

HVAC,Sum,Zone Infiltration Sensible Heat Loss Energy [J]
HVAC,Sum,Zone Infiltration Sensible Heat Gain Energy [J]
HVAC,Sum,Zone Infiltration Latent Heat Loss Energy [J]
HVAC,Sum,Zone Infiltration Latent Heat Gain Energy [J]
HVAC,Sum,Zone Infiltration Total Heat Loss Energy [J]
HVAC,Sum,Zone Infiltration Total Heat Gain Energy [J]
HVAC,Average,Zone Infiltration Current Density Volume Flow Rate [m3/s]
HVAC,Average,Zone Infiltration Standard Density Volume Flow Rate [m3/s]
HVAC,Sum,Zone Infiltration Current Density Volume [m3]
HVAC,Sum,Zone Infiltration Standard Density Volume [m3]
HVAC,Sum,Zone Infiltration Mass [kg]
HVAC,Average,Zone Infiltration Mass Flow Rate [kg/s]
HVAC,Average,Zone Infiltration Air Change Rate [ACH]

Note: If ZoneInfiltration:* objects and ZoneAirBalance:OutdoorAir (with Air Balance Method = Quadrature) objects reference the same Zone Name, the above infiltration output variables will not be reported for that zone. Instead, output variables for zone outdoor air flow will be reported by the corresponding ZoneAirBalance:OutdoorAir object.

Zone Infiltration Sensible Heat Loss Energy [J][LINK]

The sensible (temperature) heat loss that occurs when the infiltration air temperature (outdoor) < zone air temperature.

Zone Infiltration Sensible Heat Gain Energy [J][LINK]

The sensible (temperature) heat gain that occurs when the infiltration air temperature (outdoor) >= zone air temperature.

Zone Infiltration Latent Heat Loss Energy [J][LINK]

The latent heat loss that occurs when the infiltration air humidity ratio (outdoor) < zone air humidity ratio.

Zone Infiltration Latent Heat Gain Energy [J][LINK]

The latent heat gain that occurs when the infiltration air humidity ratio (outdoor) > = zone air humidity ratio.

Zone Infiltration Total Heat Loss Energy [J][LINK]

The total heat loss that occurs when the sum of Zone Infiltration Sensible Heat Gain Energy and Zone Infiltration Latent Heat Gain Energy < the sum of Zone Infiltration Sensible Heat Loss Energy and Zone Infiltration Latent Heat Loss Energy.

Zone Infiltration Total Heat Gain Energy [J][LINK]

The total heat gain that occurs when the sum of Zone Infiltration Sensible Heat Gain Energy and Zone Infiltration Latent Heat Gain Energy > = the sum of Zone Infiltration Sensible Heat Loss Energy and Zone Infiltration Latent Heat Loss Energy.

Zone Infiltration Current Density Volume [m3][LINK]

Zone Infiltration Current Density Volume Flow Rate [m3/s][LINK]

These outputs are the total volume and volume flow rate of infiltration air based on the current density of zone air.

Zone Infiltration Standard Density Volume [m3][LINK]

Zone Infiltration Standard Density Volume Flow Rate [m3/s][LINK]

These outputs are the total volume and volume flow rate of infiltration air based on the standard density of air. Standard density in EnergyPlus corresponds to 20 $^{\circ}$ C drybulb, dry air, and nominally adjusted for elevation.

Zone Infiltration Mass [kg][LINK]

The mass flow of the Infiltration air.

Zone Infiltration Mass Flow Rate [kg/s][LINK]

The mass flow rate of the Infiltration air.

Zone Infiltration Air Change Rate [ach][LINK]

The rate of infiltration in air changes per hour.

ZoneVentilation:DesignFlowRate[LINK]

Ventilation is the purposeful flow of air from the outdoor environment directly into a thermal zone in order to provide some amount of non-mechanical cooling. Ventilation, as specified by the input syntax for the ZoneVentilation:DesignFlowRate object, is intended to model “simple” ventilation as opposed to the more detailed ventilation investigations that can be performed with the AirflowNetwork model or with air systems that have outdoor air mixers. Zone ventilation, as specified via this input object, can be controlled by a schedule and through the specification of minimum, maximum and delta temperatures as described below. The temperatures can be either single constant values for the entire simulation or schedules which can vary over time. As with infiltration, the actual flow rate of ventilation air can be modified by the temperature difference between the inside and outside environment and the wind speed. The basic equation used to calculate ventilation with this model is:

$V e n t i l a t i o n = (V_{d e s i g n}) (F_{s c h e d u l e}) [A + B | T_{z o n e} - T_{o d b} | + C (W i n d S p e e d) + D (W i n d S p e e d^{2})]$

Similar to infiltration, the question of typical values for these coefficients is subject to debate. Ideally, one should do a detailed analysis of the ventilation situation and then determine a custom set of coefficients using methods such as those laid out in Chapter 26 of the ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals. The EnergyPlus defaults are 1,0,0,0 which give a constant volume flow of ventilation under all conditions. The following discussion is duplicated from the infiltration design flow rate object. The equation must always yield a non-negative results; negative values are set to 0.0.

BLAST (one of the EnergyPlus predecessors) used the following values as defaults: 0.606, 0.03636, 0.1177, 0. These coefficients produce a value of 1.0 at 0C deltaT and 3.35 m/s (7.5 mph) windspeed, which corresponds to a typical summer condition. At a winter condition of 40C deltaT and 6 m/s (13.4 mph) windspeed, these coefficients would increase the infiltration rate by a factor of 2.75.

The source of the BLAST defaults is noted in the BLAST documentation as:

“Empirical equation and the coefficient default were determined from ASHRAE journal articles and other data on the effects of outdoor weather conditions.”

The source of the DOE-2 defaults is based on examining the infiltration relationships described in the ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals.

The local outdoor dry-bulb temperature used in the above basic equation (T $_{o d b}$ ) is typically a function of the height of the zone centroid above ground. The corresponding zone name is given in the second field. The local outdoor dry-bulb temperature calculation procedure is described in the “Local Outdoor Air Temperature Calculation” section of the Engineering Reference.

The local outdoor wind speed used in the above basic equation (WindSpeed) is also a function of the height of the zone centroid above ground. The corresponding zone name is given in the second field. The local outdoor wind speed calculation procedure is described in the “Local Wind Speed Calculation” section of the Engineering Reference.

Note: When the value of the Wind Speed Profile Exponent field in the Site:HeightVariation object is equal to 0.0, the local wind speed is always equal to the wind speed given in the weather data and will not be dependent on zone centroid height. Similarly, if the value of the Air Temperature Gradient Coefficient is set equal to 0, the local air dry-bulb temperature is also always equal to the air dry-bulb temperature given in the weather data and will not be dependent on zone centroid height.

One or more ventilation objects (i.e., ZoneVentilation:DesignFlowRate and/or ZoneVentilation:WindandStackOpenArea) can be defined for each zone, and the resulting ventilation rate for the zone will simply be the summation of the flow rates specified by the ventilation objects.

More advanced ventilation calculations are possible using the EnergyPlus AirflowNetwork model.

Inputs[LINK]

Field: Name[LINK]

The name of the ZoneVentilation:DesignFlowRate object.

Field: Zone or ZoneList or Space or SpaceList Name[LINK]

This field applies this ZoneVentilation:DesignFlowRate object to one or more thermal zones or spaces in the building. The Zone, Zonelist or SpaceList options can be used effectively with the watts/area and watts/person options of the Design Level Calculation Method to place a varying equipment load at the same density in each zone or space. The names of the actual ZoneVentilation:DesignFlowRate objects may be concatenated as <Space Name> <ZoneVentilation:DesignFlowRate Object Name>. See Specifying Applicable Zone(s) or Space(s) for more details.

The name of the actual ventilation object becomes <Zone Name> <ZoneVentilation:DesignFlowRate Object Name> and should be less than the standard length (100 characters) for a name field. If it is greater than this standard length, it may be difficult to specify in output reporting as it will be truncated. A warning will be shown if the generated name is greater than 100 characters. If it duplicates another such concatenated name, there will be a severe error and terminate the run.

Field: Schedule Name[LINK]

This field is the name of the schedule (ref: Schedule) that modifies the maximum design volume flow rate (V $_{d e s i g n}$ ) (see Design Flow Rate Calculation Method field and related subsequent fields). This fraction between 0.0 and 1.0 is noted as F $_{s c h e d u l e}$ in the above equation. If left blank, the schedule defaults to always 1.0.

Field: Design Flow Rate Calculation Method[LINK]

This field is a key/choice field that tells which of the next four fields are filled and is descriptive of the method for calculating the design volume flow rate. The key/choices are:

Flow/Zone: With this choice, the method used will be a straight insertion of the design volume flow rate. (The Design Flow Rate field should be filled.)
Flow/Area: With this choice, the method used will be a factor per floor area of the zone or space. (The Flow Rate per Floor Area field should be filled.)
Flow/Person: With this choice, the method used will be a factor per nominal number of people in the zone. (The Flow Rate per Person field should be filled.)
AirChanges/Hour: With this choice, the method used will be the number of air changes per hour for the infiltration amount. This factor, along with the Zone Volume, will be used to determine the Design Flow Rate. (The Air Changes per Hour field should be filled.)

Field: Design Flow Rate[LINK]

This field denotes the full design volume flow rate (m $^{3}$ /s). The previous field should choose “flow/zone” as the choice. The design volume flow rate (noted as V $_{d e s i g n}$ in the above equation) is the maximum amount of ventilation expected at design conditions. The design value is modified by the schedule fraction (see Field: Schedule Name) and user specified coefficients (see four “coefficient” fields below).

Field: Flow Rate per Floor Area[LINK]

This factor (m $^{3}$ /s-m $^{2}$ ) is used, along with the Zone or Space Floor Area to determine the maximum Design Volume Flow Rate as described in the Design Volume Flow Rate field. The choice from the method field should be “flow/area”.

Field: Flow Rate per Person[LINK]

This factor (m $^{3}$ /s-person) is used, along with the nominal (maximum) number of occupants (people) in the Zone or Space to determine the maximum Design Volume Flow Rate as described in the Design Volume Flow Rate field. The choice from the method field should be “flow/person”.

Field: Air Changes per Hour[LINK]

With this choice, the method used will be the number of air changes per hour for the ventilation amount. This factor, along with the Zone Volume, will be used to determine the Design Flow Rate. The choice from the method field should be “AirChanges/Hour”.

Field: Ventilation Type[LINK]

This alpha character string defines the type of ventilation as one of the following options: Natural, Exhaust, Intake, or Balanced. Natural ventilation is assumed to be air movement/exchange as a result of openings in the building facade and will not consume any fan energy. Values for fan pressure and efficiency for natural ventilation are ignored. For either Exhaust or Intake, values for fan pressure and efficiency define the fan electric consumption. For Natural and Exhaust ventilation, the conditions of the air entering the space are assumed to be equivalent to outside air conditions. For Intake and Balanced ventilation, an appropriate amount of fan heat is added to the entering air stream. For Balanced ventilation, both an intake fan and an exhaust fan are assumed to co-exist, both having the same flow rate and power consumption (using the entered values for fan pressure rise and fan total efficiency). Thus, the fan electric consumption for Balanced ventilation is twice that for the Exhaust or Intake ventilation types which employ only a single fan.

Field: Fan Pressure Rise[LINK]

This is the pressure rise experienced across the fan in Pascals (N/m $^{2}$ ). This is a function of the fan and plays a role in determining the amount of energy consumed by the fan.

Field: Fan Total Efficiency[LINK]

This value is the overall efficiency of the fan, i.e., the ratio of the power delivered to the fluid to the electrical input power. It is the product of the motor efficiency and the impeller efficiency. The motor efficiency is the power delivered to the shaft divided by the electrical power input to the motor. The impeller efficiency is power delivered to the fluid (air) divided by the shaft power. The power delivered to the fluid is the mass flow rate of the air multiplied by the pressure rise divided by the air density. This input value must be between 0 and 1.

Field: Constant Term Coefficient[LINK]

This number is the “A” parameter in the above ventilation equation. It is part of the user specified modifying parameters that are a function of environmental factors. This parameter, however, is a constant under all conditions and is not modified by any environmental effect. As a result, it is dimensionless.

Field: Temperature Term Coefficient[LINK]

This number is the “B” parameter in the above ventilation equation. It is part of the user specified modifying parameters that are a function of environmental factors. This parameter is modified by the temperature difference between the outdoor and indoor air dry-bulb temperatures. The units for this parameter are inverse Celsius.

Field: Velocity Term Coefficient[LINK]

This number is the “C” parameter in the above ventilation equation. It is part of the user specified modifying parameters that are a function of environmental factors. This parameter is modified by the speed of wind being experienced outside the building. The units for this parameter are s/m.

Field: Velocity Squared Term Coefficient[LINK]

This number is the “D” parameter in the above ventilation equation. It is part of the user specified modifying parameters that are a function of environmental factors. This parameter is modified by square of the speed of wind being experienced outside the building. The units for this parameter are s $^{2}$ /m $^{2}$ .

Field: Minimum Indoor Temperature[LINK]

This is the indoor temperature (in Celsius) below which ventilation is shutoff. The minimum value for this field is -100.0 $^{\circ}$ C and the maximum value is 100.0 $^{\circ}$ C. The default value is -100.0 $^{\circ}$ C if the field is left blank. This lower temperature limit is intended to avoid overcooling a space and thus result in a heating load. For example, if the user specifies a minimum temperature of 20 $^{\circ}$ C, ventilation is assumed to be available if the zone air temperature is above 20 $^{\circ}$ C. If the zone air temperature drops below 20 $^{\circ}$ C, then ventilation is automatically turned off.

Field: Minimum Indoor Temperature Schedule Name[LINK]

This alpha field defines the name of a schedule (ref. Schedule objects) which contains the minimum indoor temperature (in Celsius) below which ventilation is shutoff as a function of time. The minimum temperature value in the schedule can be -100 $^{\circ}$ C and the maximum value can be 100 $^{\circ}$ C. This field is an optional field and has the same functionality as the Minimum Indoor Temperature field. If the user enters a valid schedule name, the minimum temperature values specified in this schedule will override the constant value specified in the Minimum Indoor Temperature field.

Field: Maximum Indoor Temperature[LINK]

This is the indoor temperature (in Celsius) above which ventilation is shutoff. The minimum value for this field is -100.0 $^{\circ}$ C and the maximum value is 100.0 $^{\circ}$ C. The default value is 100.0 $^{\circ}$ C if the field is left blank. This upper temperature limit is intended to avoid overheating a space and thus result in a cooling load. For example, if the user specifies a maximum temperature of 28 $^{\circ}$ C, ventilation is assumed to be available if the zone air temperature is below 28 $^{\circ}$ C. If the zone air temperature increases to 28 $^{\circ}$ C, then ventilation is automatically turned off.

Field: Maximum Indoor Temperature Schedule Name[LINK]

This alpha field defines the name of a schedule (ref. Schedule objects) which contains the maximum indoor temperature (in Celsius) above which ventilation is shutoff as a function of time. The minimum temperature value in the schedule can be -100 $^{\circ}$ C and the maximum value can be 100 $^{\circ}$ C. This field is an optional field and has the same functionality as the Maximum Indoor Temperature field. If the user enters a valid schedule name, the maximum temperature values specified in this schedule will override the constant value specified in the Maximum Indoor Temperature field.

Field: Delta Temperature[LINK]

This is the temperature difference (in Celsius) between the indoor and outdoor air dry-bulb temperatures below which ventilation is shutoff. The minimum value for this field is -100.0 $^{\circ}$ C and the default value is also -100.0 $^{\circ}$ C if the field is left blank. This field allows ventilation to be stopped if the temperature outside is too warm and could potentially heat the space. For example, if the user specifies a delta temperature of 2 $^{\circ}$ C, ventilation is assumed to be available if the outside air temperature is at least 2 $^{\circ}$ C cooler than the zone air temperature. If the outside air dry-bulb temperature is less than 2 $^{\circ}$ C cooler than the indoor dry-bulb temperature, then ventilation is automatically turned off.

The values for this field can include negative numbers. This allows ventilation to occur even if the outdoor temperature is above the indoor temperature. The Delta Temperature is used in the code in the following way:

IF ((IndoorTemp - OutdoorTemp) < DeltaTemperature) Then ventilation is not allowed.

Thus, if a large negative number is input for DeltaTemperature, the ventilation can be kept on even if the outdoor temperature is greater than the indoor temperature. This is useful for uncontrolled natural ventilation (open windows) or as a way to estimate the effect of required ventilation air for load calculations.

Field: Delta Temperature Schedule Name[LINK]

This alpha field contains the name of a schedule (ref. Schedule objects) which contains the temperature difference (in Celsius) between the indoor and outdoor air dry-bulb temperatures below which ventilation is shutoff as a function of time. The minimum temperature difference value in the schedule can be -100 $^{\circ}$ C. This field is an optional field and has the same functionality as the Delta Temperature field. If the user enters a valid schedule name, the delta temperature values specified in this schedule will override the constant value specified in the Delta Temperature field.

Field: Minimum Outdoor Temperature[LINK]

This is the outdoor temperature (in Celsius) below which ventilation is shut off. The minimum value for this field is -100.0 $^{\circ}$ C and the maximum value is 100.0 $^{\circ}$ C. The default value is -100.0 $^{\circ}$ C if the field is left blank. This lower temperature limit is intended to avoid overcooling a space, which could result in a heating load.

Field: Minimum Outdoor Temperature Schedule Name[LINK]

This alpha field contains the name of a schedule (ref. Schedule objects) which contains the minimum outdoor temperature (in Celsius) below which ventilation is shutoff as a function of time. The minimum temperature value in the schedule can be -100 $^{\circ}$ C and the maximum value can be 100 $^{\circ}$ C. This field is an optional field and has the same functionality as the Minimum Outdoor Temperature field. If the user enters a valid schedule name, the temperature values in this schedule will override the constant value specified in the Minimum Outdoor Temperature field.

Field: Maximum Outdoor Temperature[LINK]

This is the outdoor temperature (in Celsius) above which ventilation is shut off. The minimum value for this field is -100.0 $^{\circ}$ C and the maximum value is 100.0 $^{\circ}$ C. The default value is 100.0 $^{\circ}$ C if the field is left blank. This upper temperature limit is intended to avoid overheating a space, which could result in a cooling load.

Field: Maximum Outdoor Temperature Schedule Name[LINK]

This alpha field contains the name of a schedule (ref. Schedule objects) which contains the minimum outdoor temperature (in Celsius) above which ventilation is shutoff as a function of time. The minimum temperature value in the schedule can be -100 $^{\circ}$ C and the maximum value can be 100 $^{\circ}$ C. This field is an optional field and has the same functionality as the Maximum Outdoor Temperature field. If the user enters a valid schedule name, the temperature values in this schedule will override the constant value specified in the Maximum Outdoor Temperature field.

Field: Maximum Wind Speed[LINK]

This is the wind speed (m/s) above which ventilation is shut off. This can help simulate conditions where one would normally close windows to avoid chaos in a space (papers blowing around, etc.).

Two IDF examples are provided below:

ZoneVentilation:DesignFlowRate,
    Ventilation 1,  !- Name
    ZONE 2,         !- Zone Name
    Simple Vent,    !- Schedule Name
    Flow/Zone,      !- Design Volume Flow Rate calculation method
    6.131944,       !- Design Volume Flow Rate {m3/s}
    ,               !- Flow Rate per Floor Area {m3/s-m2}
    ,               !- Flow Rate per Person {m3/s-person}
    ,               !- Air Changes per Hour
    INTAKE,         !- Ventilation Type
    400.0,          !- Fan Pressure Rise{Pa}
    0.9,            !- Fan Total Efficiency
    0.6060000    ,  !- Constant Term Coefficient
    2.0199999E-02,  !- Temperature Term Coefficient
    5.9800001E-04,  !- Velocity Term Coefficient
    0.0000000E+00!- Velocity Squared Term Coefficient
    18.0,           !- Minimum Indoor Temperature {C}
    ,               !- Minimum Indoor Temperature Schedule Name
    ,               !- Maximum Indoor Temperature {C}
    ,               !- Maximum Indoor Temperature Schedule Name
    1.0;            !- Delta temperature {C}

  ZoneVentilation:DesignFlowRate,
      SPACE1-1 Ventl 1,        !-Name
      SPACE1-1,                !- Zone Name
      NightVentSched,          !- SCHEDULE Name
      Flow/Zone,               !- Design Volume Flow Rate calculation method
      .05295,                  !- Design Volume Flow Rate {m3/s}
      ,                        !- Flow Rate per Floor Area {m3/s-m2}
      ,                        !- Flow Rate per Person {m3/s-person}
      ,                        !- Air Changes per Hour
      Intake,                  !- Ventilation Type
      67.,                     !- Fan Pressure Rise
      .7,                      !- Fan Total Efficiency
      1,                       !- Constant Term Coefficient
      0,                       !- Temperature Term Coefficient
      0,                       !- Velocity Term Coefficient
      0,                       !- Velocity Squared Term Coefficient
      ,                        !- Minimum Indoor Temperature {C}
      MinIndoorTemp,           !- Minimum Indoor Temperature Schedule Name
      ,                        !- Maximum Indoor Temperature {C}
      MaxIndoorTemp,           !- Maximum Indoor Temperature Schedule Name
      ,                        !- Delta Temperature {deltaC}
      DeltaTemp,               !- Delta Temperature Schedule Name
     ,                        !- Minimum Outdoor Temperature {C}
      MinOutdoorTemp,          !- Minimum Outdoor Temperature Schedule Name
      ,                        !- Maximum Outdoor Temperature {C}
      MaxOutdoorTemp,          !- Maximum Outdoor Temperature Schedule Name
      40;                      !- Maximum WindSpeed {m/s}

Global Ventilation example:

Zonelist, West-East Zones, West Zone, East Zone;


  ZoneVentilation:DesignFlowRate,
    West-East Zones Ventilation,         !- Name
    West-East Zones,         !- Zone or ZoneList Name
    VentSched,               !- Schedule Name
    AirChanges/Hour,         !- Design Flow Rate Calculation Method
    ,                        !- Design Flow Rate {m3/s}
    ,                        !- Flow Rate per Floor Area {m3/s-m2}
    ,                        !- Flow Rate per Person {m3/s-person}
    1.7,                     !- Air Changes per Hour
    Intake,                  !- Ventilation Type
    67.,                     !- Fan Pressure Rise {Pa}
    0.7,                     !- Fan Total Efficiency
    1,                       !- Constant Term Coefficient
    0,                       !- Temperature Term Coefficient
    0,                       !- Velocity Term Coefficient
    0,                       !- Velocity Squared Term Coefficient
    ,                        !- Minimum Indoor Temperature {C}
    MinIndoorTemp,           !- Minimum Indoor Temperature Schedule Name
    ,                        !- Maximum Indoor Temperature {C}
    MaxIndoorTemp,           !- Maximum Indoor Temperature Schedule Name
    ,                        !- Delta Temperature {deltaC}
    DeltaTemp,               !- Delta Temperature Schedule Name
    ,                        !- Minimum Outdoor Temperature {C}
    MinOutdoorTemp,          !- Minimum Outdoor Temperature Schedule Name
    ,                        !- Maximum Outdoor Temperature {C}
    MaxOutdoorTemp,          !- Maximum Outdoor Temperature Schedule Name
    40;                      !- Maximum Wind Speed {m/s}

ZoneVentilation:WindandStackOpenArea[LINK]

For this model, the ventilation air flow rate is a function of wind speed and thermal stack effect, along with the area of the opening being modeled. This object can be used alone or in combination with ZoneVentilation:DesignFlowRate objects. This model is intended for simplified ventilation calculations as opposed to the more detailed ventilation investigations that can be performed with the AirflowNetwork model. Using the “Wind and Stack with Open Area” model, the natural ventilation flow rate can be controlled by a multiplier fraction schedule applied to the user-defined opening area and through the specification of minimum, maximum and delta temperatures. The temperatures can be either single constant values for the entire simulation or schedules which can vary over time. The equation used to calculate the ventilation rate driven by wind is:

$Q_{w} = C_{w} A_{o p e n i n g} F_{s c h e d u l e} V$

where

$Q_{w}$ = Volumetric air flow rate driven by wind [m $^{3}$ /s];

$C_{w}$ = Opening effectiveness [dimensionless];

$A_{o p e n i n g}$ = Opening area [m $^{2}$ ];

$F_{s c h e d u l e}$ = Open area fraction [user-defined schedule value, dimensionless];

and $V$ = Local wind speed [m/s].

The equation used to calculate the ventilation rate due to stack effect is:

$Q_{s} = C_{D} A_{o p e n i n g} F_{s c h e d u l e} \sqrt{2 g Δ H_{N P L} (| T_{z o n e} - T_{o d b} | / T_{z o n e})}$

where

$Q_{s}$ = Volumetric air flow rate due to stack effect [m $^{3}$ /s];

$C_{D}$ = Discharge coefficient for opening [dimensionless];

$A_{o p e n i n g}$ = Opening area [m $^{2}$ ];

$F_{s c h e d u l e}$ = Open area fraction [user-defined schedule value, dimensionless];

$Δ H_{N P L}$ = Height from midpoint of lower opening to the neutral pressure level [m]; (Estimation of this value is difficult; refer to Chapter 16 of the 2009 ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals for guidance.)

$T_{z o n e}$ = Zone air dry-bulb temperature [K];

and $T_{o d b}$ = Local outdoor air dry-bulb temperature [K].

The total ventilation rate calculated by this model is the quadrature sum of the wind and stack air flow components:

$V e n t i l a t i o n_{W i n d A n d S t a c k} = \sqrt{{Q_{s}}^{2} + {Q_{w}}^{2}}$

The local outdoor air dry-bulb temperature ( $T_{o d b}$ ) used in the stack effect equation is typically a function of the height of the zone centroid above ground. The corresponding zone name is given in the second field. The local outdoor air dry-bulb temperature calculation procedure is described in the “Local Outdoor Air Temperature Calculation” section of the Engineering Reference.

The local outdoor wind speed used in the above wind-driven equation (V) is also a function of the height of the zone centroid above ground. The corresponding zone name is given in the second field. The local outdoor wind speed calculation procedure is described in the “Local Wind Speed Calculation” section of the Engineering Reference.

More advanced ventilation calculations are possible using the EnergyPlus AirflowNetwork model.

Inputs[LINK]

Field: Name[LINK]

The name of the ZoneVentilation:WindandStackOpenArea object.

Field: Zone or Space Name[LINK]

This field applies this ZoneVentilation:WindandStackOpenArea object to a thermal zone or space in the building. If a Zone Name is specified and the zone contains more than one Space, the names of the actual ZoneVentilation:WindandStackOpenArea objects will be concatenated as <Space Name> <ZoneVentilation:WindandStackOpenArea Object Name>. See Specifying Applicable Zone(s) or Space(s) for more details.

Field: Opening Area[LINK]

This is the opening area exposed to outdoors (m $^{2}$ ) in a zone or space.

Field: Opening Area Fraction Schedule Name[LINK]

This field is the name of the schedule (ref: Schedule) which modifies the Opening Area value (see previous field). The schedule values must be any positive number between 0 and 1 as a fraction. The actual opening area in a zone or space for a particular simulation time step is defined as the product of the Opening Area input field and the value specified by the schedule named in this input field. If left blank, the schedule defaults to always 1.0.

Field: Opening Effectiveness[LINK]

This field is the opening effectiveness (C $_{w}$ ). The value must be between 0.0 and 1.0 or the value can be autocalculated. If a real value is input, that constant value will be used in the calculations. Otherwise, this field can be left blank (default = Autocalculate) or the user can input Autocalculate. Based on recommended values provided in Chapter 16 of the 2009 ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals, C $_{w}$ = 0.55 for perpendicular winds and C $_{w}$ = 0.3 for diagonal winds. For Autocalculate, any angles between perpendicular and diagonal are linearly interpolated between 0.3 and 0.55 by the model.

Field: Effective Angle[LINK]

This is the angle in degrees counting from the North clockwise to the opening outward normal. The value must be between 0 and 360, with the default being 0 if this input field is left blank. The Effective Angle is 0 if the opening outward normal faces North, 90 if faces East, 180 if faces South, and 270 if faces West. The value is fixed and independent of coordinate system defined in the GlobalGeometryRules object. This input field value is used to calculate the angle between the wind direction and the opening outward normal to determine the opening effectiveness values when the input field Opening Effectiveness = Autocalculate.

Field: Height Difference[LINK]

This is the height difference between the midpoint of the lower opening and the neutral pressure level in meters. This value is a required user input.

Note: Estimation of the height difference is difficult for natural ventilated buildings. Chapter 16 of the 2009 ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals may provide guidance for estimating the height difference.

Field: Discharge Coefficient for Opening[LINK]

This is the discharge coefficient for the opening ( $C_{D}$ ). The value must be between 0.0 and 1.0, or the value can be autocalculated. If a real value is input, that constant value will be used in the calculations. Otherwise, this field can be left blank (default = Autocalculate) or the user can input Autocalculate. For Autocalculate, the program will determine the discharge coefficient based on the following equation:

$C_{D} = 0.40 + 0.0045 | T_{z o n e} - T_{o d b} |$

Field: Minimum Indoor Temperature[LINK]

Field: Minimum Indoor Temperature Schedule Name[LINK]

Field: Maximum Indoor Temperature[LINK]

Field: Maximum Indoor Temperature Schedule Name[LINK]

Field: Delta Temperature[LINK]

IF ((IndoorTemp - OutdoorTemp) < DeltaTemperature) Then ventilation is not allowed.

Field: Delta Temperature Schedule Name[LINK]

Field: Minimum Outdoor Temperature[LINK]

Field: Minimum Outdoor Temperature Schedule Name[LINK]

Field: Maximum Outdoor Temperature[LINK]

Field: Maximum Outdoor Temperature Schedule Name[LINK]

Field: Maximum Wind Speed[LINK]

This is the wind speed (m/s) above which ventilation is shut off. This can help simulate conditions where one would normally close windows to avoid chaos in a space (papers blowing around, etc.).

An IDF example is provided below:

ZoneVentilation:WindandStackOpenArea,
    ZONE 3 Ventl 1,          !- Name
    ZONE 3,                  !- Zone Name
    0.5,                     !- Opening Area {m2}
    Constant,                !- Opening Area Fraction Schedule Name
    AutoCalculate,           !- Opening Effectiveness
    0.0,                     !- Effective Angle {deg}
    1.0,                     !- Height Difference {m}
    AutoCalculate,           !- Discharge Coefficient for Opening
    18.0,                    !- Minimum Indoor Temperature {C}
    ,                        !- Minimum Indoor Temperature Schedule Name
    ,                        !- Maximum Indoor Temperature {C}
    ,                        !- Maximum Indoor Temperature Schedule Name
    1.0;                     !- Delta Temperature {deltaC}

Outputs[LINK]

Current ventilation output variables:

HVAC,Sum,Zone Ventilation Sensible Heat Loss Energy [J]
HVAC,Sum,Zone Ventilation Sensible Heat Gain Energy [J]
HVAC,Sum,Zone Ventilation Latent Heat Loss Energy [J]
HVAC,Sum,Zone Ventilation Latent Heat Gain Energy [J]
HVAC,Sum,Zone Ventilation Total Heat Loss Energy [J]
HVAC,Sum,Zone Ventilation Total Heat Gain Energy [J]
HVAC,Average,Zone Ventilation Current Density Volume Flow Rate [m3/s]
HVAC,Average,Zone Ventilation Standard Density Volume Flow Rate [m3/s]
HVAC,Sum,Zone Ventilation Current Density Volume [m3]
HVAC,Sum,Zone Ventilation Standard Density Volume [m3]
HVAC,Sum,Zone Ventilation Mass [kg]
HVAC,Average,Zone Ventilation Mass Flow Rate [kg/s]
HVAC,Average,Zone Ventilation Air Change Rate [ACH]
HVAC,Sum,Zone Ventilation Fan Electricity Energy [J]
HVAC,Average,Zone Ventilation Air Inlet Temperature [C]

Note: If ZoneVentilation:* objects and ZoneAirBalance:OutdoorAir (with Air Balance Method = Quadrature) objects reference the same Zone Name, the above ventilation output variables will not be reported for that zone. Instead, output variables for zone outdoor air flow will be reported by the corresponding ZoneAirBalance:OutdoorAir object.

Zone Ventilation Sensible Heat Loss Energy [J][LINK]

The sensible (temperature) heat loss that occurs when the ventilation inlet air temperature < zone air temperature. If multiple ventilation objects are specified for a particular zone, the ventilation inlet air temperature is from all ZoneVentilation:DesignFlowRate and ZoneVentilation:WindandStackOpenArea objects specified for the zone.

Zone Ventilation Sensible Heat Gain Energy [J][LINK]

The sensible (temperature) heat gain that occurs when the ventilation inlet air temperature > = zone air temperature. If multiple ventilation objects are specified for a particular zone, the ventilation inlet air temperature is from all ZoneVentilation:DesignFlowRate and ZoneVentilation:WindandStackOpenArea objects specified for the zone.

Zone Ventilation Latent Heat Loss Energy [J][LINK]

The latent heat loss that occurs when the Ventilation air humidity ratio (outdoor) < zone air humidity ratio from all ZoneVentilation:DesignFlowRate and ZoneVentilation:WindandStackOpenArea objects specified for the zone.

Zone Ventilation Latent Heat Gain Energy [J][LINK]

The latent heat gain that occurs when the Ventilation air humidity ratio (outdoor) > = zone air humidity ratio from all ZoneVentilation:DesignFlowRate and ZoneVentilation:WindandStackOpenArea objects specified for the zone.

Zone Ventilation Total Heat Loss Energy [J][LINK]

The total heat loss that occurs when the sum of Zone Ventilation Sensible Heat Gain Energy and Zone Ventilation Latent Heat Gain Energy < the sum of Zone Ventilation Sensible Heat Loss Energy and Zone Ventilation Latent Heat Loss Energy.

Zone Ventilation Total Heat Gain Energy [J][LINK]

The total heat gain that occurs when the sum of Zone Ventilation Sensible Heat Gain Energy and Zone Ventilation Latent Heat Gain Energy >= the sum of Zone Ventilation Sensible Heat Loss Energy and Zone Ventilation Latent Heat Loss Energy.

Zone Ventilation Current Density Volume [m3][LINK]

Zone Ventilation Current Density Volume Flow Rate [m3/s][LINK]

These outputs are the total volume and volume flow rate of ventilation air based on the current density of zone air.

Zone Ventilation Standard Density Volume [m3][LINK]

Zone Ventilation Standard Density Volume Flow Rate [m3/s][LINK]

These outputs are the total volume and volume flow rate of ventilation air based on the standard density of air. Standard density in EnergyPlus corresponds to 20 $^{\circ}$ C drybulb, dry air, and nominally adjusted for elevation.

Zone Ventilation Mass [kg][LINK]

This output is the total mass flow into a particular zone from outdoors.

Zone Ventilation Mass Flow Rate [kg/s][LINK]

This output is the total mass flow rate into a particular zone from outdoors.

Zone Ventilation Air Change Rate [ach][LINK]

The volume flow rate of the ventilation air in air changes per hour.

Zone Ventilation Fan Electricity Energy [J][LINK]

The fan electrical consumption for Intake or Exhaust ventilation types (for ZoneVentilation:DesignFlowRate objects only).

Zone Ventilation Air Inlet Temperature [C][LINK]

This is equal to the outdoor air temperature except when INTAKE fan power is included (for ZoneVentilation:DesignFlowRate objects only). When intake fan power is used, then the additional heat due to the fan is added to the outdoor temperature and this will be reported as the inlet air temperature. If multiple ventilation objects are specified for a particular zone, the reported value is the mass flow weighted temperature for the multiple ventilation objects specified for this zone.

ZoneAirBalance:OutdoorAir[LINK]

This model calculates a combined zone outdoor airflow by including interactions between mechanical ventilation, infiltration and duct leakage. It is mainly applied to a single zone (e.g., residential) building. The model combines all outdoor airflows from ZoneInfiltration and ZoneVentilation objects in the same zone. This object also includes the induced outdoor airflows due to unbalanced duct leakage, and unbalanced outdoor airflows introduced by unbalanced airflows from ZoneHVAC:EnergyRecoveryVentilator objects when the exhaust airflow is greater than the supply outdoor airflow. This model is intended for simplified outdoor airflow calculations as opposed to the more detailed outdoor airflow investigations that can be performed with the AirflowNetwork model. The equation used to calculate the combined zone outdoor airflow is:

$Q = \sqrt{{Q_{n}}^{2} + {Q_{u, v}}^{2} + {Q_{u, l}}^{2}} + Q_{b, v}$

where

$Q$ = Combined outdoor airflow with infiltration, balanced and unbalanced outdoor air flows, and unbalanced duct leakage [m $^{3}$ /s];

$r_{n}$ = Natural infiltration airflow from ZoneInfiltration:* objects [m $^{3}$ /s];

$Q_{b, v}$ = Balanced ventilation airflow, excluding infiltration [m $^{3}$ /s];

$Q_{u, v}$ = Unbalanced ventilation airflow, excluding infiltration [m $^{3}$ /s];

and $Q_{u, l}$ = Unbalanced duct leakage: the difference between supply and return leaks [m $^{3}$ /s].

This object cannot be used simultaneously with the EnergyPlus AirflowNetwork model. If the AirflowNetwork model is active for a simulation time step, the Air Balance Method is reset to “None” for that time step. More advanced outdoor airflow calculations are possible using the EnergyPlus AirflowNetwork model.

This object does not combine any airflows from Fan:ZoneExhaust objects and is independent of HVAC equipment operation.

This object will not work with the AvailabilityManager:HybridVentilation object in the same zone, when the Simple Airflow Control Type Schedule Name is provided in the HybridVentilation object. For this case, the Air Balance Method is reset to “None”.

Inputs[LINK]

Field: Name[LINK]

The name of the object.

Field: Zone Name[LINK]

This field is the name of the zone (ref: Zone) and attaches a combined outdoor airflow statement to a thermal zone in the building.

Field: Air Balance Method[LINK]

This choice field determines the air balance method. Two choices are Quadrature and None. If Quadrature, the combined zone outdoor air flow is calculated based on the above equation. If None, no combining of outdoor air will be performed (i.e., any ZoneInfiltration:* and ZoneVentilation:* objects specified for this zone are simulated individually).

Field: Induced Outdoor Air Due to Unbalanced Duct Leakage[LINK]

This is the induced outdoor airflow rate, in m $^{3}$ /s, due to unbalanced duct leakage. If left blank, the default value is 0.

Field: Induced Outdoor Air Schedule Name[LINK]

This field is the name of the schedule (ref: Schedule) which modifies the induced outdoor airflow rate value (see previous field). The schedule values must be any positive number between 0 and 1 as a fraction. The actual induced outdoor airflow rate in a zone for a particular simulation time step is defined as the product of the Induced Outdoor Air Due to Unbalanced Duct Leakage input field and the value specified by the schedule named in this input field.

Note: Since this object is independent of HVAC operation, the inputs for the last two fields should be carefully selected to match HVAC system operation schedules.

An IDF example is provided below:

ZoneAirBalance:OutdoorAir,
      ZONE 2 Balance 1,        !- Name
      ZONE 2,                  !- Zone Name
      Quadrature,              !- Air Balance Method
      0.00,                    !- Induced Outdoor Air Due to Unbalanced Duct Leakage {m3/s}
      Constant;                !- Induced Outdoor Air Schedule Name

Outputs[LINK]

ZoneAirBalance:OutdoorAir output variables will be provided when the Air Balance Method is Quadrature. Output variables from the associated ZoneVentilation:* and ZoneInfiltration:* objects for the same zone will not be produced when ZoneAirBalance:OutdoorAir output variables are available. If the Air Balance Method = None, then no ZoneAirBalance:OutputAir outputs will be produced and the associated ZoneVentilation:* and ZoneInfiltration:* objects will specify their output variables for the zone.

HVAC,Sum,Zone Combined Outdoor Air Sensible Heat Loss Energy [J]
HVAC,Sum,Zone Combined Outdoor Air Sensible Heat Gain Energy [J]
HVAC,Sum,Zone Combined Outdoor Air Latent Heat Loss Energy [J]
HVAC,Sum,Zone Combined Outdoor Air Latent Heat Gain Energy [J]
HVAC,Sum,Zone Combined Outdoor Air Total Heat Loss Energy [J]
HVAC,Sum,Zone Combined Outdoor Air Total Heat Gain Energy [J]
HVAC,Average,Zone Combined Outdoor Air Current Density Volume Flow Rate [m3/s]
HVAC,Average,Zone Combined Outdoor Air Standard Density Volume Flow Rate [m3/s]
HVAC,Sum,Zone Combined Outdoor Air Current Density Volume [m3]
HVAC,Sum,Zone Combined Outdoor Air Standard Density Volume [m3]
HVAC,Sum,Zone Combined Outdoor Air Mass [kg]
HVAC,Average,Zone Combined Outdoor Air Mass Flow Rate [kg/s]
HVAC,Average, Zone Combined Outdoor Air Changes per Hour [ACH]
HVAC,Sum, Zone Combined Outdoor Air Fan Electricity Energy [J]

Zone Combined Outdoor Air Sensible Heat Loss Energy [J][LINK]

The sensible (temperature) heat loss that occurs when the outdoor air temperature < zone air temperature.

Zone Combined Outdoor Air Sensible Heat Gain Energy [J][LINK]

The sensible (temperature) heat gain that occurs when the outdoor air temperature >= zone air temperature.

Zone Combined Outdoor Air Latent Heat Loss Energy [J][LINK]

The latent heat loss that occurs when the outdoor air humidity ratio < zone air humidity ratio.

Zone Combined Outdoor Air Latent Heat Gain Energy [J][LINK]

The latent heat gain that occurs when the outdoor air humidity ratio >= zone air humidity ratio.

Zone Combined Outdoor Air Total Heat Loss Energy [J][LINK]

The total heat loss that occurs when the sum of Zone Combined Outdoor Air Sensible Heat Gain Energy and Zone Combined Outdoor Air Latent Heat Gain Energy < the sum of Zone Combined Outdoor Air Sensible Heat Loss Energy and Zone Combined Outdoor Air Latent Heat Loss Energy.

Zone Combined Outdoor Air Total Heat Gain Energy [J][LINK]

The total heat gain that occurs when the sum of Zone Combined Outdoor Air Sensible Heat Gain Energy and Zone Combined Outdoor Air Latent Heat Gain Energy >= the sum of Zone Combined Outdoor Air Sensible Heat Loss Energy and Zone Combined Outdoor Air Latent Heat Loss Energy.

Zone Combined Outdoor Air Current Density Volume [m3][LINK]

Zone Combined Outdoor Air Current Density Volume Flow Rate [m3/s][LINK]

These outputs are the total volume and volume flow rate of outdoor air based on the current density of zone air.

Zone Combined Outdoor Air Standard Density Volume [m3][LINK]

Zone Combined Outdoor Air Standard Density Volume Flow Rate [m3/s][LINK]

These outputs are the total volume and volume flow rate of outdoor air based on the standard density of air. Standard density in EnergyPlus corresponds to 20 $^{\circ}$ C drybulb, dry air, and nominally adjusted for elevation.

Zone Combined Outdoor Air Mass [kg][LINK]

This output is the total mass flow into a particular zone from outdoors.

Zone Combined Outdoor Air Mass Flow Rate [kg/s][LINK]

This output is the total mass flow rate into a particular zone from outdoors.

Zone Combined Outdoor Air Changes per Hour [ach][LINK]

The volume flow rate of the ventilation air in air changes per hour.

Zone Combined Outdoor Air Fan Electricity Energy [J][LINK]

The fan electrical consumption for Intake, Exhaust, or Balanced ventilation types (for

ZoneVentilation:DesignFlowRate objects used to calculate a combined zone outdoor airflow).

ZoneMixing[LINK]

ZoneMixing is intended to allow simplified treatment of air exchange between zones. Note that this statement only affects the energy balance of the “receiving” zone and that this statement will not produce any effect on the “source” zone. ZoneMixing statements can be complementary and include multiple zones, but the balancing of flows between zones is left to the user’s discretion. Also see ZoneCrossMixing and ZoneRefrigerationDoorMixing. More advanced mixing calculations are possible using the EnergyPlus AirflowNetwork model for multi-zone airflow with or without HVAC system operation.

Inputs[LINK]

Field: Name[LINK]

The name of the ZoneMixing object.

Field: Zone or Space Name[LINK]

This field applies this ZoneMixing object to a thermal zone or space in the building. If a Zone Name is specified and the zone contains more than one Space, the names of the actual ZoneMixing objects will be concatenated as <Space Name> <ZoneMixing Object Name>. See Specifying Applicable Zone(s) or Space(s) for more details.

Field: Schedule Name[LINK]

This field is the name of the schedule (ref: Schedule) that modifies the maximum design volume flow rate parameter (see next field). This fraction between 0.0 and 1.0 modifies the design level parameter.

Field: Design Flow Rate Calculation Method[LINK]

This field is a key/choice field that tells which of the next four fields are filled and is descriptive of the method for calculating the design volume flow rate. The key/choice options are:

Flow/Zone: With this choice, the method used will be a straight insertion of the design volume flow rate. (The Design Flow Rate field should be filled.)
Flow/Area: With this choice, the method used will be a factor per floor area of the zone. (The Flow Rate per Floor Area field should be filled.)
Flow/Person: With this choice, the method used will be a factor per nominal number of people in the zone. (The Flow Rate per Person field should be filled.)
AirChanges/Hour: With this choice, the method used will be the number of air changes per hour for the infiltration amount. This factor, along with the Zone Volume, will be used to determine the Design Flow Rate. (The Air Changes per Hour field should be filled.)

Field: Design Flow Rate[LINK]

This field denotes the full design volume flow rate (m $^{3}$ /s). The previous field should choose “flow/zone” as the choice. The design volume flow rate is the maximum amount of mixing air expected. The design value is modified by the schedule fraction (see Field: Schedule Name) and user specified coefficients (see four “coefficient” fields below).

Field: Flow Rate per Floor Area[LINK]

This factor (m $^{3}$ /s-m $^{2}$ ) is used, along with the Zone of Space Floor Area to determine the maximum Design Volume Flow Rate as described in the Design Volume Flow Rate field. The choice from the method field should be “Flow/Area”.

Field: Flow Rate per Person[LINK]

This factor (m $^{3}$ /s-person) is used, along with the nominal (maximum) number of occupants (people) in the Zone to determine the maximum Design Volume Flow Rate as described in the Design Volume Flow Rate field. The choice from the method field should be “Flow/Person”.

Field: Air Changes per Hour[LINK]

With this choice, the method used will be the number of air changes per hour for the mixing amount. This factor, along with the Zone Volume, will be used to determine the Design Flow Rate. The choice from the method field should be “AirChanges/Hour”.

Field: Source Zone or Space Name[LINK]

This field is the name of the “source” zone or space that exhausts the amount of air specified by the design level and schedule fields to the receiving zone or space.

Field: Delta Temperature[LINK]

This number controls when mixing air from the source zone is sent to the receiving zone. This parameter is a temperature and is expressed in units of Celsius. If this field is positive, the temperature of the zone from which the air is being drawn (source zone) must be “Delta Temperature” warmer than the receiving zone air or else no mixing occurs. If this field is negative, the temperature of the source zone must be “Delta Temperature” cooler than the receiving zone air or else no mixing occurs. If this parameter is zero, mixing occurs regardless of the relative zone temperatures.

Field: Delta Temperature Schedule Name[LINK]

This alpha field contains the name of a schedule (ref. Schedule objects) which contains the temperature difference (in Celsius) between the source zone and receiving zone air dry-bulb temperatures as a function of time. This field is an optional field and has the same functionality as the Delta Temperature field. If the user enters a valid schedule name, the delta temperature values specified in this schedule will supersede the constant value specified in the Delta Temperature field.

Field: Minimum Receiving Temperature Schedule Name[LINK]

This alpha field contains the name of a schedule (ref. Schedule objects) which contains the minimum receiving zone or space temperature (in Celsius) below which mixing is shutoff as a function of time. The minimum temperature value in the schedule can be -100 $^{\circ}$ C and the maximum value can be 100 $^{\circ}$ C. This field is an optional field. If this field is not entered, the minimum receiving temperature control is not applied.

Field: Maximum Receiving Temperature Schedule Name[LINK]

This alpha field contains the name of a schedule (ref. Schedule objects) which contains the maximum receiving zone or space temperature (in Celsius) above which mixing is shutoff as a function of time. The maximum temperature value in the schedule can be -100 $^{\circ}$ C and the maximum value can be 100 $^{\circ}$ C. This field is an optional field. If this field is not entered, the maximum receiving temperature control is not applied.

Note: The maximum receiving temperature when mixing is shutoff must be greater than or equal to the minimum receiving temperature when mixing is shutoff at any given time. Otherwise, warnings will be issued and the maximum shutoff temperature will be set to the minimum shutoff temperature.

Field: Minimum Source Temperature Schedule Name[LINK]

This alpha field contains the name of a schedule (ref. Schedule objects) which contains the minimum source zone or space temperature (in Celsius) below which mixing is shutoff as a function of time. The minimum temperature value in the schedule can be -100 $^{\circ}$ C and the maximum value can be 100 $^{\circ}$ C. This field is an optional field. If this field is not entered, the minimum source temperature control is not applied.

Field: Maximum Source Temperature Schedule Name[LINK]

This alpha field contains the name of a schedule (ref. Schedule objects) which contains the maximum source zone or space temperature (in Celsius) above which mixing is shutoff as a function of time. The maximum temperature value in the schedule can be -100 $^{\circ}$ C and the maximum value can be 100 $^{\circ}$ C. This field is an optional field. If this field is not entered, the maximum source temperature control is not applied.

Note: The maximum source temperature when mixing is shutoff must be greater than or equal to the minimum source temperature when mixing is shutoff at any given time. Otherwise, warnings will be issued and the maximum source shutoff temperature will be set to the minimum source shutoff temperature.

Field: Minimum Outdoor Temperature Schedule Name[LINK]

This alpha field contains the name of a schedule (ref. Schedule objects) which contains the minimum outdoor temperature (in Celsius) below which mixing is shutoff as a function of time. The minimum temperature value in the schedule can be -100 $^{\circ}$ C and the maximum value can be 100 $^{\circ}$ C. This field is an optional field. If this field is not entered, the minimum outdoor temperature control is not applied.

Field: Maximum Outdoor Temperature Schedule Name[LINK]

This alpha field contains the name of a schedule (ref. Schedule objects) which contains the maximum outdoor temperature (in Celsius) above which mixing is shutoff as a function of time. The maximum temperature value in the schedule can be -100 $^{\circ}$ C and the maximum value can be 100 $^{\circ}$ C. This field is an optional field. If this field is not entered, the maximum outdoor temperature control is not applied.

Note: The maximum outdoor temperature when mixing is shutoff must be greater than or equal to the minimum outdoor temperature which mixing is shutoff at any given time. Otherwise, a warning will be issued and the maximum outdoor shutoff temperature will be set to the minimum outdoor shutoff temperature.

An IDF Example:

ZoneMixing,
    Kitchen_ZN_1_FLR_1 Exhaust Fanmixing_0,  !- Name
    Kitchen_ZN_1_FLR_1,   !- Zone or Space Name
    Hours_of_operation,   !- Schedule Name
    Flow/Zone,            !- Design Flow Rate Calculation Method
    1.4540,               !- Design Flow Rate {m3/s}
    ,                     !- Flow Rate per Floor Area {m3/s-m2}
    ,                     !- Flow Rate per Person {m3/s-person}
    ,                     !- Air Changes Per Hour
    CAFETERIA_ZN_1_FLR_1, !- Source Zone or Space Name
    0.0;                  !- Delta Temperature

Outputs[LINK]

HVAC,Sum,Zone Mixing Volume [m3]
HVAC,Average,Zone Mixing Current Density Volume Flow Rate [m3/s]
HVAC,Average,Zone Mixing Standard Density Volume Flow Rate [m3/s]
HVAC,Sum,Zone Mixing Mass [kg]
HVAC,Average,Zone Mixing Mass Flow Rate [kg/s]
HVAC,Sum,Zone Mixing Sensible Heat Loss Energy [J]
HVAC,Sum,Zone Mixing Sensible Heat Gain Energy [J]
HVAC,Sum,Zone Mixing Latent Heat Loss Energy [J]
HVAC,Sum,Zone Mixing Latent Heat Gain Energy [J]
HVAC,Sum,Zone Mixing Total Heat Loss [J]
HVAC,Sum,Zone Mixing Total Heat Gain Energy [J]

Zone Mixing Volume [m3][LINK]

The air volume in m $^{3}$ entering the zone due to the sum of mixing, cross-mixing, and refrigeration-door mixing during the hour or timestep.

Zone Mixing Current Density Volume Flow Rate [m3/s][LINK]

The air volumetric flow rate in m $^{3}$ /s entering the zone due to the sum of mixing, cross-mixing, and refrigeration-door mixing during the hour or timestep using the density of air evaluated at current zone air conditions.

Zone Mixing Standard Density Volume Flow Rate [m3/s][LINK]

Zone Mixing Mass [kg][LINK]

The air mass in kg entering the zone due to the sum of mixing, cross-mixing, and refrigeration-door mixing during the hour or timestep. The air mass is calculated using the air volume flow from each “source” zone and the density of air calculated for the average conditions (temperature and humidity) between the “source” and “receiving” zones.

Zone Mixing Mass Flow Rate [kg/s][LINK]

The air mass flow rate in kg/s entering the zone due to the sum of mixing, cross-mixing, and refrigeration-door mixing during the hour or timestep.

Zone Mixing Sensible Heat Loss Energy [J][LINK]

Zone Mixing Sensible Heat Gain Energy [J][LINK]

The sensible (temperature) heat transfer due to the sum of mixing, cross-mixing, and refrigeration-door mixing in the host (receiving) zone is the sum of all the incoming air mass flow rates multiplied by the elapsed time, the specific heat (calculated for the average conditions (temperature and humidity) between the “source” and “receiving” zones) and the temperature differences between the host zone and corresponding source zones. If the heat transfer is negative, the heat transfer is considered to be a zone mixing sensible heat loss. If the heat transfer is positive, the heat transfer is considered to be a zone mixing sensible heat gain.

Zone Mixing Latent Heat Loss Energy [J][LINK]

Zone Mixing Latent Heat Gain Energy [J][LINK]

The latent heat transfer due to the sum of mixing, cross-mixing, and refrigeration-door mixing in the host (receiving) zone is the sum of all the incoming air mass flow rates multiplied by the elapsed time, the heat of vaporization (calculated for the average conditions (temperature and humidity) between the “source” and “receiving” zones) and the humidity ratio differences between the host zone and corresponding source zones. If the heat transfer is negative, the heat transfer is considered to be a zone mixing latent heat loss. If the heat transfer is positive, the heat transfer is considered to be a zone mixing latent heat gain.

Zone Mixing Total Heat Loss Energy [J][LINK]

The total heat loss due to the sum of mixing, cross-mixing, and refrigeration-door mixing that occurs when the sum of Zone Mixing Sensible Heat Gain Energy and Zone Mixing Latent Heat Gain Energy < the sum of Zone Mixing Sensible Heat Loss Energy and Zone Mixing Latent Heat Loss Energy.

Zone Mixing Total Heat Gain Energy [J][LINK]

The total heat gain due to the sum of mixing, cross-mixing, and refrigeration-door mixing that occurs when the sum of Zone Mixing Sensible Heat Gain Energy and Zone Mixing Latent Heat Gain Energy >= the sum of Zone Mixing Sensible Heat Loss Energy and Zone Mixing Latent Heat Loss Energy.

ZoneCrossMixing[LINK]

ZoneCrossMixing is ideally suited for two zones that exchange an equal amount of air between each other. As with ZoneMixing, this is a simplified interzone airflow in EnergyPlus. The main difference between ZoneMixing and ZoneCrossMixing is that cross mixing has an energy effect on both the source and the receiving zone, thus maintaining both the air mass and energy balances in the two zones. For refrigerated zones, see ZoneRefrigerationDoorMixing. More advanced mixing calculations are possible using the EnergyPlus AirflowNetwork model for multi-zone airflow with or without HVAC system operation.

ZoneCrossMixing can be entered once (in one of the mixing zones), twice (once for each zone), or multiple times (exchanging with more than one zone). Each object will be modeled with its own control conditions. The object may be entered once if Delta Temperature > 0.0 and it is desirable to have mixing only when the source zone is warmer than the receiving zone. This might be the case when the warmer zone is below the colder zone and the mixing is buoyancy driven. If the zones are next to each other, separated by an open doorway, it would be more suitable to input a cross mixing object for each zone. Then mixing would occur if the zone temperatures differed by Delta Temperature or greater regardless of which is the warmer zone.

Inputs[LINK]

Field: Name[LINK]

The name of the ZoneCrossMixing object.

Field: Zone or Space Name[LINK]

This field applies this ZoneCrossMixing object to a thermal zone or space in the building. If a Zone Name is specified and the zone contains more than one Space, the names of the actual ZoneCrossMixing objects will be concatenated as <Space Name> <ZoneCrossMixing Object Name>. See Specifying Applicable Zone(s) or Space(s) for more details.

Field: Schedule Name[LINK]

Field: Design Flow Rate Calculation Method[LINK]

This field is a key/choice field that tells which of the next four fields are filled and is descriptive of the method for calculating the design volume flow rate. The key/choice options are:

Flow/Zone: With this choice, the method used will be a straight insertion of the design volume flow rate. (The Design Flow Rate field should be filled.)
Flow/Area: With this choice, the method used will be a factor per floor area of the zone. (The Flow Rate per Floor Area field should be filled.)
Flow/Person: With this choice, the method used will be a factor per nominal number of people in the zone. (The Flow Rate per Person field should be filled.)
AirChanges/Hour: With this choice, the method used will be the number of air changes per hour for the infiltration amount. This factor, along with the Zone Volume, will be used to determine the Design Flow Rate. (The Air Changes per Hour field should be filled.)

Field: Design Flow Rate[LINK]

Field: Flow Rate per Floor Area[LINK]

Field: Flow Rate per Person[LINK]

Field: Air Changes per Hour[LINK]

Field: Source Zone or Space Name[LINK]

This field is the name of the “source” zone or space that exhausts the amount of air specified by the design level and schedule fields to the zone named in the zone name field. In reality, the “source” and “receiving” zones or spaces are interchangeable since the cross-mixed air affects both zones.

Field: Delta Temperature[LINK]

This number controls when mixing air from the source zone is sent to the receiving zone. This parameter is a temperature and is expressed in units of Celsius. If this field is positive, the temperature of the zone from which air is being drawn (“source zone”) must be “Delta Temperature” warmer than the zone air or no mixing occurs. If this field is zero, mixing occurs regardless of the relative air temperatures. Negative values for “Delta Temperature” are not permitted.

Field: Delta Temperature Schedule Name[LINK]

Field: Minimum Receiving Temperature Schedule Name[LINK]

This alpha field contains the name of a schedule (ref. Schedule objects) which contains the minimum receiving zone or space temperature (in Celsius) below which cross mixing is shutoff as a function of time. The minimum temperature value in the schedule can be -100 $^{\circ}$ C and the maximum value can be 100 $^{\circ}$ C. This field is an optional field. If this field is not entered, the minimum receiving temperature control is not applied.

Field: Maximum Receiving Temperature Schedule Name[LINK]

This alpha field contains the name of a schedule (ref. Schedule objects) which contains the maximum receiving zone or space temperature (in Celsius) above which cross mixing is shutoff as a function of time. The maximum temperature value in the schedule can be -100 $^{\circ}$ C and the maximum value can be 100 $^{\circ}$ C. This field is an optional field. If this field is not entered, the maximum receiving temperature control is not applied.

Note: The maximum receiving temperature when cross mixing is shutoff must be greater than or equal to the minimum receiving temperature when cross mixing is shutoff at any given time. Otherwise, warnings will be issued and the maximum shutoff temperature will be set to the minimum shutoff temperature.

Field: Minimum Source Temperature Schedule Name[LINK]

This alpha field contains the name of a schedule (ref. Schedule objects) which contains the minimum source zone or space temperature (in Celsius) below which cross mixing is shutoff as a function of time. The minimum temperature value in the schedule can be -100 $^{\circ}$ C and the maximum value can be 100 $^{\circ}$ C. This field is an optional field. If this field is not entered, the minimum source temperature control is not applied.

Field: Maximum Source Temperature Schedule Name[LINK]

This alpha field contains the name of a schedule (ref. Schedule objects) which contains the maximum source zone or space temperature (in Celsius) above which cross mixing is shutoff as a function of time. The maximum temperature value in the schedule can be -100 $^{\circ}$ C and the maximum value can be 100 $^{\circ}$ C. This field is an optional field. If this field is not entered, the maximum source temperature control is not applied.

Note: The maximum source temperature when cross mixing is shutoff must be greater than or equal to the minimum source temperature when cross mixing is shutoff at any given time. Otherwise, warnings will be issued and the maximum source shutoff temperature will be set to the minimum source shutoff temperature.

Field: Minimum Outdoor Temperature Schedule Name[LINK]

This alpha field contains the name of a schedule (ref. Schedule objects) which contains the minimum outdoor temperature (in Celsius) below which cross mixing is shutoff as a function of time. The minimum temperature value in the schedule can be -100 $^{\circ}$ C and the maximum value can be 100 $^{\circ}$ C. This field is an optional field. If this field is not entered, the minimum outdoor temperature control is not applied.

Field: Maximum Outdoor Temperature Schedule Name[LINK]

This alpha field contains the name of a schedule (ref. Schedule objects) which contains the maximum outdoor temperature (in Celsius) above which cross mixing is shutoff as a function of time. The maximum temperature value in the schedule can be -100 $^{\circ}$ C and the maximum value can be 100 $^{\circ}$ C. This field is an optional field. If this field is not entered, the maximum outdoor temperature control is not applied.

Note: The maximum outdoor temperature when cross mixing is shutoff must be greater than or equal to the minimum outdoor temperature which cross mixing is shutoff at any given time. Otherwise, a warning will be issued and the maximum outdoor shutoff temperature will be set to the minimum outdoor shutoff temperature.

An IDF Example:

ZoneCrossMixing,
      1stFloor-Garage,  !- Name
      GARAGE,      !- Zone or Space Name
      Always On,   !- Schedule Name
      Flow/Zone,   !- Design Flow Rate Calculation Method
      0.1,         !- Design Flow Rate {m3/s}
      ,            !- Flow Rate per Floor Area {m3/s-m2}
      ,            !- Flow Rate per Person {m3/s-person}
      ,            !- Air Changes Per Hour
      1ST-FLOOR,   !- Source Zone or Space Name
      1.0;         !- Delta temp

Outputs[LINK]

HVAC,Sum,Zone Mixing Volume [m3]
HVAC,Average,Zone Mixing Current Density Volume Flow Rate [m3/s]
HVAC,Average,Zone Mixing Standard Density Volume Flow Rate [m3/s]
HVAC,Sum,Zone Mixing Mass [kg]
HVAC,Average,Zone Mixing Mass Flow Rate [kg/s]
HVAC,Sum,Zone Mixing Sensible Heat Loss Energy [J]
HVAC,Sum,Zone Mixing Sensible Heat Gain Energy [J]
HVAC,Sum,Zone Mixing Latent Heat Loss Energy [J]
HVAC,Sum,Zone Mixing Latent Heat Gain Energy [J]
HVAC,Sum,Zone Mixing Total Heat Loss Energy [J]
HVAC,Sum,Zone Mixing Total Heat Gain Energy [J]

Zone Mixing Volume [m3][LINK]

The air volume in m $^{3}$ entering the zone due to the sum of mixing, cross-mixing, and refrigeration-door mixing during the hour or timestep.

Zone Mixing Current Density Volume Flow Rate [m3/s][LINK]

Zone Mixing Standard Density Volume Flow Rate [m3/s][LINK]

Zone Mixing Mass [kg][LINK]

Zone Mixing Mass Flow Rate [kg/s][LINK]

The air mass flow rate in kg/s entering the zone due to the sum of mixing, cross-mixing, and refrigeration-door mixing during the hour or timestep.

Zone Mixing Sensible Heat Loss Energy [J][LINK]

Zone Mixing Sensible Heat Gain Energy [J][LINK]

Zone Mixing Latent Heat Loss Energy [J][LINK]

Zone Mixing Latent Heat Gain Energy [J][LINK]

The latent heat transfer due to the sum of mixing, cross-mixing, and refrigeration-door mixing in the host (receiving) zone is the sum of all the incoming air mass flow rates multiplied by the elapsed time, the heat of vaporization (calculated for the average conditions (temperature and humidity) between the “source” and “receiving” zones)and the humidity ratio differences between the host zone and corresponding source zones. If the heat transfer is negative, the heat transfer is considered to be a zone mixing latent heat loss. If the heat transfer is positive, the heat transfer is considered to be a zone mixing latent heat gain.

Zone Mixing Total Heat Loss Energy [J][LINK]

Zone Mixing Total Heat Gain Energy [J][LINK]

The total heat gain due to the sum of mixing, cross-mixing, and refrigeration-door mixing that occurs when the sum of Zone Mixing Sensible Heat Gain Energy and Zone Mixing Latent Heat Gain Energy > = the sum of Zone Mixing Sensible Heat Loss Energy and Zone Mixing Latent Heat Loss Energy.

ZoneRefrigerationDoorMixing[LINK]

ZoneRefrigerationDoorMixing is ideally suited for two zones, at least one of which is refrigerated, that exchange an equal amount of dry air. As with ZoneMixing, this is a simplified interzone airflow in EnergyPlus. The ZoneRefrigerationDoorMixing approach shares some features of both ZoneMixing and ZoneCrossMixing. Like ZoneCrossMixing, ZoneRefrigerationDoorMixing has an energy effect on both the source and the receiving zone, thus maintaining both the air mass and energy balances in the two zones. Unlike the other two mixing objects, ZoneRefrigerationDoorMixing always calculates the air exchange rate based on the zone temperature and relative humidity. That is, the user does not specify the air flow rate. The user can moderate the flow through a door-opening schedule.

ZoneRefrigerationDoorMixing can only be entered once for any unique pair of zones. It doesn’t matter which zone is listed first and the zones will automatically switch back and forth between source and receiving zones depending upon which zone is colder.

Inputs[LINK]

Field: Name[LINK]

The name of the ZoneRefrigerationDoorMixing object.

Field: Zone 1 Name[LINK]

This field is the name of one of the two zones (ref: Zone) exchanging air and attaches a particular refrigeration door mixing statement to both thermal zones in the building.

Field: Zone 2 Name[LINK]

This field is the name of the other zone (ref: Zone) exchanging air and attaches a particular refrigeration door mixing statement to both thermal zones in the building.

Field: Schedule Name[LINK]

This field is the name of the schedule (ref: Schedule) that modifies the door opening between the two zones and should contain values between 0.0 and 1.0.

Field: Door Height[LINK]

This field denotes the door opening height (m). The default value is 3 m.

Field: Door Area[LINK]

This field denotes the door opening area (m $^{2}$ ). The default value is 9 m $^{2}$ .

Field: Door Protection Type[LINK]

This field is a key/choice field that tells how the door is protected. The impact of this choice is described in the Engineering Reference. The key/choice options are:

None: None, or no door protection is the default choice;
AirCurtain: Air Curtain;
StripCurtain: Strip Curtain.

An IDF Example:

ZoneRefrigerationDoorMixing,
      Freezer1_Cooler1,  !- Name
      Freezer1,          !- Zone 1 Name
      Cooler1,           !- Zone 2 Name
      Freezer1DoorSched, !- Schedule Name
      1.8,               !- Door height {m}
      2.3,               !- Door area {m2}
      StripCurtain;      !- Door protection type

Outputs[LINK]

HVAC,Sum,Zone Mixing Volume [m3]
HVAC,Average,Zone Mixing Current Density Volume Flow Rate [m3/s]
HVAC,Average,Zone Mixing Standard Density Volume Flow Rate [m3/s]
HVAC,Sum,Zone Mixing Mass [kg]
HVAC,Average,Zone Mixing Mass Flow Rate [kg/s]
HVAC,Sum,Zone Mixing Sensible Heat Loss Energy [J]
HVAC,Sum,Zone Mixing Sensible Heat Gain Energy [J]
HVAC,Sum,Zone Mixing Latent Heat Loss Energy [J]
HVAC,Sum,Zone Mixing Latent Heat Gain Energy [J]
HVAC,Sum,Zone Mixing Total Heat Loss Energy [J]
HVAC,Sum,Zone Mixing Total Heat Gain Energy [J]

Zone Mixing Volume [m3][LINK]

The air volume in m $^{3}$ entering the zone due to the sum of mixing, cross-mixing, and refrigeration-door mixing during the hour or timestep.

Zone Mixing Current Density Volume Flow Rate [m3/s][LINK]

Zone Mixing Standard Density Volume Flow Rate [m3/s][LINK]

Zone Mixing Mass [kg][LINK]

Zone Mixing Mass Flow Rate [kg/s][LINK]

The air mass flow rate in kg/s entering the zone due to the sum of mixing, cross-mixing, and refrigeration-door mixing during the hour or timestep.

Zone Mixing Sensible Heat Loss Energy [J][LINK]

Zone Mixing Sensible Heat Gain Energy [J][LINK]

Zone Mixing Latent Heat Loss Energy [J][LINK]

Zone Mixing Latent Heat Gain Energy [J][LINK]

The latent heat transfer due to the sum of mixing, cross-mixing, and refrigeration-door mixing in the host (receiving) zone is the sum of all the incoming air mass flow rates multiplied by the elapsed time, the heat of vaporization (calculated for the average conditions (temperature and humidity) between the “source” and “receiving” zones)and the humidity ratio differences between the host zone and corresponding source zones. If the heat transfer is negative, the heat transfer is considered to be a zone mixing latent heat loss. If the heat transfer is positive, the heat transfer is considered to be a zone mixing latent heat gain.

Zone Mixing Total Heat Loss Energy [J][LINK]

Zone Mixing Total Heat Gain Energy [J][LINK]

The total heat gain due to the sum of mixing, cross-mixing, and refrigeration-door mixing that occurs when the sum of Zone Mixing Sensible Heat Gain Energy and Zone Mixing Latent Heat Gain Energy > = the sum of Zone Mixing Sensible Heat Loss Energy and Zone Mixing Latent Heat Loss Energy.

ZoneEarthtube[LINK]

An earth tube is a long, underground metal or plastic pipe through which air is drawn. During cooling season, as air travels through the pipe, it gives up some of its heat to the surrounding soil and enters the room as cooler air. Similarly, during heating season, as air travels through the pipe, it receives some of its heat from the soil and enters the room as warmer air. Simple earth tubes in EnergyPlus can be controlled by a schedule and through the specification of minimum, maximum, and delta temperatures as described below. As with infiltration and ventilation, the actual flow rate of air through the earth tube can be modified by the temperature difference between the inside and outside environment and the wind speed. The basic equation used to calculate air flow rate of earth tube in EnergyPlus is:

$E a r t h T u b e F l o w R a t e = (E_{d e s i g n}) (F_{s c h e d u l e}) [A + B | T_{z o n e} - T_{o d b} | + C (W i n d S p e e d) + D (W i n d S p e e d^{2})]$

For the simulation of the earth tube, a weather data file is required and, therefore, the earth tube cannot run without weather data file. The required input fields to simulate the earth tube include the average soil surface temperature, the amplitude of soil surface temperature, and the phase constant of soil surface temperature. These fields should be calculated in advance by using a separate stand-alone program (CalcSoilSurfTemp) and should be input into earth tube.

CalcSoilSurfTemp – Auxiliary Programs Document[LINK]

The CalcSoilSurfTemp program is simple and requires only two input fields: soil condition and soil surface condition in addition to a valid weather file. For soil condition, the user should select the number corresponding to the actual condition of the soil surrounding the earth tube from the four following options: 1. HEAVY AND SATURATED, 2. HEAVY AND DAMP, 3. HEAVY AND DRY and 4. LIGHT AND DRY. This determines the thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity of the surrounding soil. For soil surface conditions, the user should select the number corresponding to the actual condition of the ground surface above the earth tube from the eight following options: 1. BARE AND WET, 2. BARE AND MOIST, 3. BARE AND ARID, 4. BARE AND DRY, 5. COVERED AND WET, 6. COVERED AND MOIST, 7. COVERED AND ARID and 8. COVERED AND DRY. This determines the absorption coefficient and the fraction of evaporation rate of the ground surface.

Inputs[LINK]

From this information and an analysis of the weather for the location selected, the CalcSoilSurfTemp program (ref. Auxiliary Programs document) calculates the three parameters listed above. The user must then add these parameters as input into EnergyPlus. The full input description of an earth tube in EnergyPlus is given below.

Field: Zone Name[LINK]

This field is the name of the zone (ref: Zone) and attaches a particular earth tube statement to a thermal zone in the building.

Field: Schedule Name[LINK]

This field is the name of the schedule (ref: Schedule) that modifies the maximum design volume flow rate parameter (see next field). This fraction between 0.0 and 1.0 is noted as F $_{s c h e d u l e}$ in the above equation.

Field: Design Flow Rate[LINK]

This number (noted as E $_{d e s i g n}$ in the above equation) is the maximum amount of air mass flow rate of the earth tube expected at design conditions. The flow rate is expressed in units of m $^{3}$ /s. The design value is modified by the schedule fraction (see previous field) and user specified coefficients (see last four fields).

Field: Minimum Zone Temperature when Cooling[LINK]

This is the indoor temperature (in Celsius) below which the earth tube is shut off. This lower temperature limit is intended to avoid overcooling a space and thus result in a heating load. For example, if the user specifies a minimum temperature of 20 $^{\circ}$ C, earth tube is assumed to be available if the zone air temperature is above 20 $^{\circ}$ C. If the zone air temperature drops below 20 $^{\circ}$ C, then earth tube is automatically turned off.

Field: Maximum Zone Temperature when Heating[LINK]

This is the indoor temperature (in Celsius) above which the earth tube is shut off. This higher temperature limit is intended to avoid overheating a space and thus result in a cooling load. For example, if the user specifies a maximum temperature of 20 $^{\circ}$ C, earth tube is assumed to be available if the zone air temperature is below 20 $^{\circ}$ C. If the zone air temperature rises above 20 $^{\circ}$ C, then earth tube is automatically turned off.

Field: Delta Temperature[LINK]

This is the temperature difference (in Celsius) between the indoor and outdoor air dry-bulb temperatures below which the earth tube is shut off. This is to allow the earth tube to be stopped either if the temperature outside is too warm and could potentially heat the space or if the temperature outside is too cold and could potentially cool the space. For example, if the user specifies a delta temperature of 2 $^{\circ}$ C, earth tube is assumed to be available if the temperature difference between indoor and outdoor temperature is at least 2 $^{\circ}$ C. If the outside air dry-bulb temperature is less than 2 $^{\circ}$ C cooler or warmer than the indoor dry-bulb temperature, then the earth tube is automatically turned off.

Field: Earthtube Type[LINK]

This alpha character string defines the type of earth tube as one of the following options: Natural, Exhaust, or Intake. A Natural earth tube is assumed to be air movement/exchange that will not consume any fan energy or is the result of natural air flow through the tube and into the building. Values for fan pressure and efficiency for a natural flow earth tube are ignored. For either Exhaust or Intake earth tubes, values for fan pressure and efficiency define the fan electric consumption. For Natural and Exhaust earth tubes, the conditions of the air entering the space are assumed to be equivalent to the air which is cooled or heated by passing along the pipe. For Intake earth tubes, an appropriate amount of fan heat is added to the air stream.

Field: Fan Pressure Rise[LINK]

This is the pressure rise experienced across the fan in Pascals (N/m $^{2}$ ). This is a function of the fan and plays a role in determining the amount of energy consumed by the fan.

Field: Fan Total Efficiency[LINK]

This is the total fan efficiency (a decimal number between 0.0 and 1.0). This is a function of the fan and plays a role in determining the amount of energy consumed by the fan.

Field: Pipe Radius[LINK]

This is the radius of the earth tube/pipe (in meters). This plays a role in determining the amount of heat transferred from the surrounding soil to the air passing along the pipe. If the pipe has non-circular cross section, user can use the concept of hydraulic diameter as follows.

$D = 4 \times A r e a / P e r i m e t e r$

However, since this field requires the pipe radius, hydraulic diameter should be divided by two.

Field: Pipe Thickness[LINK]

This is the thickness of the pipe wall (in meters). This plays a role in determining the amount of heat transferred from the surrounding soil to the air passing along the pipe.

Field: Pipe Length[LINK]

This is the total length of the pipe (in meters). This plays a role in determining the amount of heat transferred from the surrounding soil to the air passing along the pipe. As the length of the pipe becomes longer, the amount of the heat transfer becomes larger.

Field: Pipe Thermal Conductivity[LINK]

This is the thermal conductivity of the pipe (in W/m-C). This plays a role in determining the amount of heat transferred from the surrounding soil to the air passing along the pipe.

Field: Pipe Depth Under Ground Surface[LINK]

This is the depth of the pipe under the ground surface (in meters). This plays a role in determining the temperature of the soil surrounding the pipe.

Field: Soil Condition[LINK]

This alpha character string defines the actual condition of the soil surrounding the earth tube and can be one of any of the following options: HeavyAndSaturated, HeavyAndDamp, HeavyAndDry or LightAndDry. This determines the thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity of the surrounding soil, which play a role in determining the amount of heat transferred from the surrounding soil to the air passing along the pipe.

Field: Average Soil Surface Temperature[LINK]

This is the annual average soil surface temperature straight above the earth tube, which plays a role in determining the temperature of the soil surrounding the pipe. This field should be calculated in advance using the separate CalcSoilSurfTemp program.

Field: Amplitude of Soil Surface Temperature[LINK]

This is the amplitude of soil surface temperature above the earth tube, which plays a role in determining the temperature of the soil surrounding the pipe. This is the difference between the maximum and minimum soil surface temperature for the whole year divided by two. This field should be calculated in advance using the separate CalcSoilSurfTemp program.

Field: Phase Constant of Soil Surface Temperature[LINK]

This is the phase constant of the soil surface temperature straight above the earth tube, which play a role in determining the temperature of the soil surrounding the pipe at particular time. This is the time elapsed from the beginning of the year until the soil surface temperature reaches the minimum value of the year. This field should be calculated in advance using the separate CalcSoilSurfTemp program.

Field: Constant Term Flow Coefficient[LINK]

This number is the “A” parameter in the above earth tube equation. It is part of the user specified modifying parameters that are a function of environmental factors. This parameter, however, is a constant under all conditions and is not modified by any environmental effect. As a result, it is dimensionless.

Field: Temperature Term Flow Coefficient[LINK]

This number is the “B” parameter in the above earth tube equation. It is part of the user specified modifying parameters that are a function of environmental factors. This parameter is modified by the temperature difference between the outdoor and indoor air dry-bulb temperatures. The units for this parameter are inverse Celsius.

Field: Velocity Term Flow Coefficient[LINK]

This number is the “C” parameter in the above earth tube equation. It is part of the user specified modifying parameters that are a function of environmental factors. This parameter is modified by the speed of wind being experienced outside the building. The units for this parameter are s/m.

Field: Velocity Squared Term Flow Coefficient[LINK]

This number is the “D” parameter in the above earth tube equation. It is part of the user specified modifying parameters that are a function of environmental factors. This parameter is modified by square of the speed of wind being experienced outside the building. The units for this parameter are s $^{2}$ /m $^{2}$ .

Field: Earth Tube Model Type[LINK]

This field determines which modeling technique will be used to assess the performance of the earth tube. The options are: Simple and Vertical. In the Simple modeling approach, the temperature of the soil at the earth tube is approximated by the undisturbed ground conditions. In the Vertical modeling approach, the temperature of the soil around the earth tube is modeled using a finite difference scheme to account for the impact of the earth tube on the surrounding soil conditions in a single direction (1-D). For more information on the model type, reference the Earth Tube section of the EnergyPlus Engineering Reference. This input is optional, and the default value is Simple.

Field: Earth Tube Model Parameters[LINK]

This field refers to separate input syntax (see below) that is used for controlling parameters for the 1-D (Vertical) solution technique. This input field is ignored for the Simple model. If the user selects the Vertical solution and leaves this field blank, the default values for all of the parameters will be assumed.

ZoneEarthtube:Parameters[LINK]

For the 1-D (Vertical) model, some additional optional parameters are available for the user to potentially control the solution space (number of nodes, distances) for the finite difference solution. These are described below.

Field: Earth Tube Parameters Name[LINK]

This name is used as a reference in the main EarthTube input syntax. It is used to identify the parameters that the user desires to use to control what is being modeled and how detailed the model is.

Field: Earth Tube Nodes Above[LINK]

This parameter sets the number of nodes above the earth tube, between the earth tube and the ground surface. It has a minimum of three nodes and a maximum of ten nodes. These limits were chosen to avoid the extremes of excessive execution times and overly simplified results. The default value for this parameter is 5 (nodes).

Field: Earth Tube Nodes Below[LINK]

This parameter sets the number of nodes below the earth tube, between the earth tube and the deep ground boundary. It has a minimum of three nodes and a maximum of ten nodes. These limits were chosen to avoid the extremes of excessive execution times and overly simplified results. The default value for this parameter is 3 (nodes) or the minimum.

Field: Earth Tube Dimensionless Boundary Above[LINK]

This parameter sets the dimensionless distance above the earth tube for the solution space. The maximum value is 1.0, and the minimum value is 0.25. When this parameter is set to 1.0, the upper boundary is set to be half of the diameter below the ground surface and the solution space thickness above the earth tube is the depth of the earth tube minus the earth tube diameter. This maximum distance (earth tube depth minus diameter) is multiplied by this parameter to constrain the solution space to less than the maximum (when the parameter is less than 1.0). The default value for this parameter is 1.0 (the maximum value).

Field: Earth Tube Dimensionless Boundary Below[LINK]

This parameter sets the dimensionless distance below the earth tube for the solution space. The maximum value is 1.0, and the minimum value is 0.25. This parameter is interpreted in a similar fashion as the previous parameter where the depth of the solution space below the earth tube is determined by the maximum distance above the earth tube (earth tube depth minus radius). This allows the user to have different thickness for the modeled portion of the ground above and below the earth tube. The default value for this parameter is 0.25 (the minimum value).

Field: Earth Tube Dimensionless Solution Space Width[LINK]

This parameter sets the dimensionless width of the solution space horizontally as a function of the earth tube radius as defined in the main earth tube input syntax. The maximum value is 20.0, and the minimum value is 3.0. The default value for this parameter is 4.0 which means that the width of the solution space is four times the radius. In other words, this would include soil one radius length beyond the edges of the tube on either side of the earth tube.

An IDF example:

ZoneEarthtube,
  Zone 2,           !- Zone Name
  Simple EarthTube, !- Schedule Name
  3.425198,         !- Design Volume Flow Rate
  10.0,             !- Minimum Zone Temperature when Cooling
  30.0,             !- Maximum Zone Temperature when Heating
  1.0,              !- Delta Temperature
  NATURAL,          !- EarthTube Type
  350.0,            !- Fan Pressure Rise
  0.9,              !- Fan Total Efficiency
  0.25,             !- Pipe Radius
  0.2,              !- Pipe Thickness
  15.0,             !- Pipe Length
  200.0,            !- Pipe Thermal Conductivity
  3.5,              !- Pipe Depth Under Ground Surface
  HeavyAndDamp,     !- Soil Condition
  15.0,             !- Average Soil Surface Temperature
  5.6,              !- Amplitude of Soil Surface Temperature
  0.0,              !- Phase Constant of Soil Surface Temperature
  0.6060000,        !- Constant Term Flow Coef
  2.0199999E-02,    !- Temp Term Flow Coef
  5.9800001E-04,    !- Velocity Term Flow Coef
  0.0000000E+00,    !- Velocity**2 Term Flow Coef
  Vertical,         !- Earth Tube Model Type
  EarthTubeParams;  !- Earth Tube Model Parameters

ZoneEarthtube:Parameters,
  EarthTubeParams,  !- Earth Tube Model Parameters (Name)
  5,                !- Nodes Above Earth Tube
  3,                !- Nodes Below Earth Tube
  1.0,              !- Earth Tube Dimensionless Boundary Above
  0.5,              !- Earth Tube Dimensionless Boundary Below
  4.0;              !- Earth Tube Dimensionless Solution Space Width

Outputs[LINK]

Current Earth Tube output variables:

HVAC,Sum,Earth Tube Zone Sensible Cooling Energy [J]
HVAC,Average,Earth Tube Zone Sensible Cooling Rate [W]
HVAC,Sum,Earth Tube Zone Sensible Heating Energy [J]
HVAC,Average,Earth Tube Zone Sensible Heating Rate [W]
HVAC,Sum,Earth Tube Air Flow Volume [m3]
HVAC,Average,Earth Tube Current Density Volume Flow Rate [m3/s]
HVAC,Average,Earth Tube Standard Density Volume Flow Rate [m3/s]
HVAC,Sum,Earth Tube Air Flow Mass [kg]
HVAC,Average,Earth Tube Air Mass Flow Rate [kg/s]
HVAC,Average,Earth Tube Water Mass Flow Rate [kg/s]
HVAC,Sum,Earth Tube Fan Electricity Energy [J]
HVAC,Average,Earth Tube Fan Electricity Rate [W]
HVAC,Average,Earth Tube Zone Inlet Air Temperature [C]
HVAC,Average,Earth Tube Ground Interface Temperature [C]
HVAC,Average,Earth Tube Outdoor Air Heat Transfer Rate [W]
HVAC,Average,Earth Tube Inlet Wet Bulb Temperature [C]
HVAC,Average,Earth Tube Inlet Humidity Ratio [kgWater/kgDryAir]
Zone,Average,Earth Tube Node Temperature <X> [C]
Zone,Average,Earth Tube Undisturbed Ground Temperature <X> [C]
Zone,Average,Earth Tube Upper Boundary Ground Temperature [C]
Zone,Average,Earth Tube Lower Boundary Ground Temperature [C]

Earth Tube Zone Sensible Cooling Energy [J][LINK]

Earth Tube Zone Sensible Cooling Rate [W][LINK]

These are the energy and rate associated with the zone cooling provided by the air from the earth tube. This occurs when the earth tube outlet air temperature is less than zone air temperature.

Earth Tube Zone Sensible Heating Energy [J][LINK]

Earth Tube Zone Sensible Heating Rate [W][LINK]

These are the energy and rate associated with the zone heating provided by the air from the earth tube. This occurs when the earth tube outlet air temperature is greater than the zone air temperature.

Earth Tube Air Flow Volume [m3][LINK]

The volume flow of air through the earth tube.

Earth Tube Current Density Volume Flow Rate [m3/s][LINK]

The volume flow rate of air through the earth tube evaluating density at current zone conditions.

Earth Tube Standard Density Volume Flow Rate [m3/s][LINK]

The volume flow rate of air through the earth tube evaluating density at standard conditions.

Earth Tube Air Flow Mass [kg][LINK]

The mass flow of air through the earth tube.

Earth Tube Air Mass Flow Rate [kg/s][LINK]

The mass flow rate of air through the earth tube.

Earth Tube Water Mass Flow Rate [kg/s][LINK]

The mass flow rate of water vapor at the exit of the earth tube.

Earth Tube Fan Electricity Energy [J][LINK]

Earth Tube Fan Electricity Rate [W][LINK]

These are the fan electricity consumption and power for intake or exhaust earth tube types.

Earth Tube Zone Inlet Air Temperature [C][LINK]

This is the temperature of the air entering the zone after passing through the earth tube [C]. This temperature includes the cooling or heating of outdoor air as it passes along the pipe. When intake fan assist is used, then the additional heat due to the fan is included in the inlet air temperature.

Earth Tube Ground Interface Temperature [C][LINK]

This is the average temperature of the ground along the outer surface of the earth tube [C].

Earth Tube Outdoor Air Heat Transfer Rate [W][LINK]

This is the rate of heat transfer from the earth tube to the outdoor air [W]. Positive values indicate the rate at which outdoor air is preheated; negative values indicate the rate of precooling.

Earth Tube Zone Inlet Wet Bulb Temperature [C][LINK]

This is the wet bulb temperature of the air entering the zone after passing through the earth tube [C].

Earth Tube Zone Inlet Humidity Ratio [kgWater/krDryAir] {#earth-tube-zone-inlet-humidity-ratio-kgWater/kgDryAir}[LINK]

This is the humidity ratio of the air entering the zone after passing through the earth tube [kgWater/kgDryAir].

Earth Tube Node Temperature <X> [C][LINK]

This will generate the internal node temperatures [C] for the earth tube as a result of the 1-D finite difference model. This is only valid for the 1-D (Vertical) model.

Earth Tube Undisturbed Ground Temperature <X> [C][LINK]

This will report the theoretical undisturbed ground temperature at the location of the internal node temperatures [C] as well as the average for the location of the earth tube for the 1-D finite difference model. This is only valid for the 1-D (Vertical) model and provides a comparison of conditions for the simple model and the 1-D (Vertical) model.

Earth Tube Upper Boundary Ground Temperature [C][LINK]

This will report the theoretical undisturbed ground temperature at the upper boundary for the 1-D finite difference model. This is only valid for the 1-D (Vertical) model.

Earth Tube Lower Boundary Ground Temperature [C][LINK]

This will report the theoretical undisturbed ground temperature at the lower boundary for the 1-D finite difference model. This is only valid for the 1-D (Vertical) model.

ZoneCoolTower:Shower[LINK]

A cooltower (which is sometimes referred to as a wind tower or a shower cooling tower) is a component that is intended to model a passive downdraught evaporative cooling (PDEC) that is designed to capture the wind at the top of a tower and cool the outside air using water evaporation before delivering it to a space. The air flow in these systems is natural as the evaporation process increases the density of the air causing it to fall through the tower and into the space without the aid of a fan. A cooltower typically consists of a water spray or an evaporative pad, a shaft, and a water tank or reservoir. Wind catchers to improve the wind-driven performance at the top of the tower are optional. Water is pumped over an evaporative device by water pump which is the only component consumed power for this system. This water cools and humidifies incoming air and then the cool, dense air naturally falls down through shaft and leaves through large openings at the bottom of cooltowers.

The shower cooling tower can be controlled by a schedule and the specification of maximum water flow rate and volume flow rate as well as minimum indoor temperature. The actual flow rate of water and air can be controlled as users specify the fractions of water loss and flow schedule. The required input fields include effective tower height and exit area to obtain the temperature and flow rate of the air exiting the tower. A schedule and rated power for the water pump are also required to determine the power consumed. The component typically has a stand alone water system that is not added to the water consumption from mains. However, users are required to specify the water source through an optional field, the name of water supply storage tank, in case any water comes from a water main. The model is described more fully in the Engineering Reference document.

This model requires weather information obtained from either design day or weather file specifications. The control is accomplished by either specifying the water flow rate or obtaining the velocity at the outlet with inputs and weather conditions when the water flow rate is unknown. As with infiltration, ventilation, and earth tubes, the component is treated in a similar fashion to “natural ventilation” in EnergyPlus.

Inputs[LINK]

Field: Name[LINK]

This field is a unique user assigned name for each cooltower. Any reference to this unit by another object will use this name.

Field: Availability Schedule Name[LINK]

This field is the name of the schedule that denotes whether the cooltower can run during a given time period. A schedule value greater than 0 (usually 1 is used) indicates that the cooltower is available and can be on during the time period. A value less than or equal to 0 (usually 0 is used) denotes that the cooltower is not available and must be off for the time period. If this field is blank, the schedule has values of 1 for all time periods.

Field: Zone Name[LINK]

This field is the name of the zone (ref: Zone) and attaches a particular cooltower statement to a thermal zone in the building.

Field: Water Supply Storage Tank Name[LINK]

This field is optional. It is used to describe where the cooltower obtains water used for evaporative cooling. If blank or omitted, then the cooltower will obtain water directly from local water main. If the name of a Water Storage Tank object is used here, then the cooltower will obtain its water from that tank. If a tank is specified, the cooltower will attempt to obtain all the water it uses from the tank. However, if the tank cannot provide all the water the cooltower needs, then the cooltower will still operate and obtain the rest of the water it needs from the mains (referred to as ‘Starved’ water).

Field: Flow Control Type[LINK]

This field specifies how the user wishes to control the cooltower. The air flow from the cooltower may be controlled by either the water flow rate along with the water pump schedule or naturally driven by wind flow. The user must select from the following options: WaterFlowSchedule and WindDrivenFlow. If the user either wishes to control the water flow rate or has information about the water flow rate, WaterFlowSchedule must be selected. WindDrivenFlow for cooltower flow control must be selected when the water flow rate is unknown and the user wishes to have the flow rate of both air and water controlled by the external weather conditions (wind speed). If the user does not select a control type, WindDrivenFlow is assumed as a flow control type.

Field: Pump Flow Rate Schedule Name[LINK]

This field modifies the maximum flow rate of water through the cooltower in m3/sec. This input is “optional.” If the user does not enter a schedule, the flow rate through the cooltower is assumed to be constant during all hours that it is operating based on the value entered in the previous input field. Note that the values for this schedule must be between zero and one.

Field: Maximum Water Flow Rate[LINK]

This field is the maximum water flow rate distributed to the tower in m3/s. This limit is intended to avoid over estimation of water flow rate, which leads higher air flow rate and exit temperature of the air.

Field: Effective Tower Height[LINK]

This field is the effective tower height for evaporative cooling, from the water spray to the top of the exit in m.

Field: Airflow Outlet Area[LINK]

This field is the area at the exit of the tower in m2. This field is used to determine the air flow rate leaving the tower with the velocity of the air flow.

Field: Maximum Air Flow Rate[LINK]

This field is the maximum volumetric flow rate of the air leaving the tower in m3/s. This airflow maximum allows the cooltower performance to be limited if the outside wind speed and the tower height are relatively high and thus result in high airflow supplied to the space.

Field: Minimum Indoor Temperature[LINK]

This field is the minimum indoor temperature in Celsius below which cooltower is shutoff. This lower temperature limit is intended to avoid overcooling a space and thus result in a heating load. For example, if the user specifies a minimum temperature of 20 $^{\circ}$ C, cooltower is assumed to be available if the zone air temperature is above 20 $^{\circ}$ C. If the zone air temperature drops below 20 $^{\circ}$ C, then cooltower is automatically turned off.

Field: Fraction of Water Loss[LINK]

This field specifies the fraction of the loss of water during either operation or transient operation. If the user does not enter a fraction, no loss of water is assumed and the cooltower water consumption includes only evaporation. Note that the fraction must be between zero and one.

Field: Fraction of Flow Schedule[LINK]

This field specifies the fraction of the airflow that actually goes to the outside. The user who wishes to control the actual flow to the inside of the building must specify the value of the fraction. If the user does not enter a fraction, the calculated flow rate is the “zone cooltower volume flow rate.” Note that the fraction must be between zero and one.

Field: Rated Power Consumption[LINK]

This field is the pump’s rated power consumption in Watts.

Below is an example input for a cooltower.

ZoneCoolTower:Shower
  Cool Tower 1,         !- Name of cooltowers
  Zone 1,               !- Zone name
  Simple Vent,          !- Schedule
  ,                     !- Name of water supply storage tanks
  WindDrivenFlow,       !- Flow control type
  0.0005,               !- Water flow rate from the spray in m3/s
  ,                     !- schedule for flow rate (optional, non-existent means constant)
  5.0,                  !- Effective tower height in m
  1.0,                  !- Exit area in m2
  10.0,                 !- Maximum supply air volume flow rate in m3/s
  18.0,                 !- Minimum indoor temperature to prevent overcooling in C
  0.05,                 !- Fraction of Water loss
  0.05,                 !- Fraction of flow that goes to outside
  250.0;                !- Rated power consumption in W

Outputs[LINK]

HVAC,Sum,Zone Cooltower Sensible Heat Loss Energy [J]
HVAC,Average,Zone Cooltower Sensible Heat Loss Rate [W]
HVAC,Sum,Zone Cooltower Latent Heat Loss Energy [J]
HVAC,Average,Zone Cooltower Latent Heat Loss Rate [W]
HVAC,Sum,Zone Cooltower Air Volume [m3]
HVAC,Average,Zone Cooltower Current Density Air Volume Flow Rate [m3/s]
HVAC,Average,Zone Cooltower Standard Density Air Volume Flow Rate [m3/s]
HVAC,Sum,Zone Cooltower Air Mass [kg]
HVAC,Average,Zone Cooltower Air Mass Flow Rate [kg/s]
HVAC,Average,Zone Cooltower Air Inlet Temperature [C]
HVAC,Average,Zone Cooltower Air Inlet Humidity Ratio [kgWater/kgDryAir]
HVAC,Average,Zone Cooltower Air Outlet Temperature [C]
HVAC,Average,Zone Cooltower Air Outlet Humidity Ratio [kgWater/kgDryAir]
HVAC,Average,Zone Cooltower Pump Electricity Rate [W]
HVAC,Sum,Zone Cooltower Pump Electricity Energy [J]
HVAC,Sum,Zone Cooltower Water Volume [m3]
HVAC,Sum,Zone Cooltower Mains Water Volume [m3]
HVAC,Sum,Zone Cooltower Storage Tank Water Volume [m3]
HVAC,Sum,Zone Cooltower Starved Mains Water Volume [m3]

Zone Cooltower Sensible Heat Loss Energy [J][LINK]

Zone Cooltower Sensible Heat Loss Rate [W][LINK]

The sensible heat loss that occurs when the temperature at the exit of the cooltower is less than that of the zone.

Zone Cooltower Latent Heat Loss Energy [J][LINK]

Zone Cooltower Latent Heat Loss Rate [W][LINK]

The latent heat loss that occurs when the humidity ratio at the exit of the cooltower is greater than that of the zone.

Zone Cooltower Current Density Air Volume Flow Rate [m3/s][LINK]

The volumetric flow rate of the air leaving the cooltower evaluating density at current zone conditions.

Zone Cooltower Standard Density Air Volume Flow Rate [m3/s][LINK]

The volumetric flow rate of the air leaving the cooltower evaluating density at standard conditions.

Zone Cooltower Air Volume [m3][LINK]

The sum of actual volumetric flow of the air leaving cooltower

Zone Cooltower Air Mass Flow Rate [kg/s][LINK]

The mass flow rate of the air leaving the cooltower

Zone Cooltower Air Mass [kg][LINK]

The sum of actual mass flow of the air leaving the cooltower

Zone Cooltower Air Inlet Temperature [C][LINK]

The dry-bulb temperature of the outdoor air the inlet of the cooltower

Zone Cooltower Air Inlet Humidity Ratio [kgWater/kgDryAir][LINK]

The humidity ratio of the outdoor air at the inlet of the cooltower

Zone Cooltower Air Outlet Temperature [C][LINK]

The temperature at the exit of the cooltower.

Zone Cooltower Air Outlet Humidity Ratio [kgWater/kgDryAir][LINK]

The humidity ratio of the air at the exit of the cooltower.

Zone Cooltower Water Volume [m3][LINK]

The water consumption includes not only the direct thermodynamics of water evaporation but also other sources of consumption such as drift or concentration blow down specified by users throughout all processes during the operation.

Zone Cooltower Mains Water Volume [m3][LINK]

This is the water consumed by the cooltower that actually be met by the mains water. This output variable appears only when the water comes from mains.

Zone Cooltower Storage Tank Water Volume [m3][LINK]

This is the water consumed by the cooltower that actually be met by the water storage tank. If any amount of the water is starved from mains, this water consumption is the difference between the Zone Cooltower Water Volume and the following output. This output variable appears only when the water comes from storage tank waters.

Zone Cooltower Starved Mains Water Volume [m3][LINK]

This is the source (mains) of water consumed by the cooltower that could not actually be met by the storage tank. This output variable appears only when the water comes from storage tank waters.

Zone Cooltower Pump Electricity Rate [W][LINK]

The power consumed by the recirculating pump in Watts.

Zone Cooltower Pump Electricity Energy [J][LINK]

The energy consumed by the recirculating pump in Joules.

ZoneThermalChimney[LINK]

A thermal chimney is a vertical shaft utilizing solar radiation to enhance the natural ventilation in buildings. It consists of an absorber wall, air gap and glass cover with high solar transmissivity. For the high solar absorption, it is usually south facing.

The key output parameter in the thermal chimney model is the enhanced amount of natural ventilation rate caused by the presence of a thermal chimney. In order to determine the enhanced ventilation, the discharge air temperature from a thermal chimney should be calculated, which, in turn, should be computed based on the information on the absorber wall temperature, glass cover temperature and the vertical air temperature distribution within the thermal chimney. Among them, energy balances for the absorber wall and the glass cover are carried out using the existing algorithm currently available in EnergyPlus, which has the similar approach to the Trombe wall. As stated in the Trombe wall object as well, this approach allows the flexibility for users to specify the various wall parameters and to explore unusual configurations. On the other hand, the vertical air temperature distribution and the resultant discharge air temperature of the thermal chimney are computed using the separate thermal chimney algorithm described in the Engineering Reference document.

Similar to the Trombe wall model, a zone is coupled to the desired surface via an interzone partition. To simulate the thermal chimney, the Solar Distribution field in the Building object should be set to FullInteriorAndExterior so that the majority of the solar flux is directed on the absorber wall. For a normal sized thermal chimney zone, the user can set the Zone Inside Convection Algorithm to “Detailed”, which takes into account natural convection effects intended for a normal zone. For a narrow cavity zone having high aspect ratios, there is no built-in algorithm for calculating the correct convection coefficients on the inside of thermal chimney zone walls. One option is to use the “Detailed” convection algorithm similar to the Trombe wall model. However, some error may be incurred when used with a narrow zone. Another option is to use the SurfaceProperty:ConvectionCoefficients object to schedule coefficients that have been determined beforehand by the user. In addition, the wall construction of the adjoining zone must be the mirror image of the wall construction in the thermal chimney zone.

The full input description of a thermal chimney in EnergyPlus is given below.

Inputs[LINK]

Field: Name[LINK]

This field is a unique user assigned name for an instance of the thermal chimney system.

Field: Zone Name[LINK]

This field is the name of the thermal chimney zone (ref: Zone). Since the thermal chimney is not only a system component but also a zone itself, this field is also necessary. It should be differentiated from the Zone name field described later.

Field: Availability Schedule Name[LINK]

This field is the name of the schedule (ref: Schedule) that denotes whether the thermal chimney can operate during a given time period. A schedule value greater than 0 (usually 1 is used) indicates that the system is available and can be on during the time period. A value less than or equal to 0 (usually 0 is used) denotes that the system is not available and must be off for the time period. If this field is blank, the schedule has values of 1 for all time periods.

Field: Width of the Absorber Wall[LINK]

This number is the width of the absorber wall in the thermal chimney. The width is expressed in units of m. Even though this value is specified in Surface objects as well, this value is used to compute the discharge air temperature and the enhanced ventilation rate caused by the thermal chimney.

Field: Cross Sectional Area of Air Channel Outlet[LINK]

This number is the cross sectional area of air channel outlet. The area is expressed in units of m $^{2}$ . The enhanced air flow rate by the thermal chimney is dependent on cross sectional areas of air channel inlet and outlet. Cross sectional areas of air channel inlet will be described later in conjunction with the distance from the top of thermal chimney to each inlet and relative ratios of air flow rates passing through each inlet.

Field: Discharge Coefficient[LINK]

This dimensionless number is the discharge coefficient of the thermal chimney. The ventilation rate enhanced by the thermal chimney is also dependent on the discharge coefficient.

Field: Zone <#> Name[LINK]

This field is the name of the zone (ref: Zone) to which the thermal chimney is attached. It is used in conjunction with the next three fields. Note that up to 20 sets of zone name, distance from the top of the thermal chimney to each inlet, relative ratios of air flow rates passing through each zone and cross sectional areas of each air channel inlet may be entered for a single thermal chimney if multiple zones share the common thermal chimney.

Field: Distance from Top of Thermal Chimney to Inlet <#>[LINK]

This field is the distance from the top of the thermal chimney to each inlet corresponding to each zone. It is used in conjunction with the zone name, relative ratios of air flow rates passing through each zone and cross sectional areas of each air channel inlet. The distance is expressed in units of m. The air flow rate enhanced by the thermal chimney is dependent on the distance between the thermal chimney outlet and inlet.

Field: Relative Ratios of Air Flow Rates Passing through Zone <#>[LINK]

This dimensionless number is the relative ratio of air flow rates enhanced by the thermal chimney passing through each zone. The total air flow rate enhanced by the thermal chimney is distributed to each zone based on this number if multiple zones share the common thermal chimney. It is used in conjunction with the zone name, the distance from the top of the thermal chimney to each inlet and cross sectional areas of each air channel inlet. Note that the sum of all ratios must be equal to 1.0.

Field: Cross Sectional Areas of Air Channel Inlet <#>[LINK]

This field is the cross sectional areas of each air channel inlet corresponding to each zone. It is used in conjunction with the zone name, the distance from the top of the thermal chimney to each inlet and relative ratios of air flow rates passing through each zone. The area is expressed in units of m $^{2}$ . The air flow rate enhanced by the thermal chimney is dependent on cross sectional areas of air channel inlet and outlet.

An IDF example:

ZoneThermalChimney,
    ThermalChimney1,               !- Name of Thermal Chimney System
    ThermalChimneyZone,            !- Name of Thermal Chimney Zone
    ThermalChimneyAvail,           !- Availability Schedule Name
    3.5,                           !- Width of the Absorber Wall
    0.04,                          !- Cross Sectional Area of Air Channel Outlet
    0.8,                           !- Discharge Coefficient
    Zone1,                         !- Zone Name 1
    8.0,                           !- Distance from the Top of the Thermal Chimney to Inlet 1
    0.8,                           !- Relative Ratios of Air Flow Rates Passing through Zone 1
    0.02,                          !- Cross Sectional Areas of Air Channel Inlet 1
    Zone2,                         !- Zone Name 2
    5.0,                           !- Distance from the Top of the Thermal Chimney to Inlet 2
    0.2,                           !- Relative Ratios of Air Flow Rates Passing through Zone 2
    0.02;                          !- Cross Sectional Areas of Air Channel Inlet 2

Outputs[LINK]

Current ThermalChimney output variables:

HVAC,Average,Zone Thermal Chimney Current Density Air Volume Flow Rate [m3/s]
HVAC,Average,Zone Thermal Chimney Standard Density Air Volume Flow Rate [m3/s]
HVAC,Average,Zone Thermal Chimney Mass Flow Rate [kg/s]
HVAC,Average,Zone Thermal Chimney Outlet Temperature [C]
HVAC,Sum,Zone Thermal Chimney Heat Loss Energy [J]
HVAC,Sum,Zone Thermal Chimney Heat Gain Energy [J]
HVAC,Sum,Zone Thermal Chimney Volume [m3]
HVAC,Sum,Zone Thermal Chimney Mass [kg]

Zone Thermal Chimney Heat Loss Energy [J][LINK]

The sensible (temperature) heat loss of each zone that occurs when the thermal chimney cools the zone air.

Zone Thermal Chimney Heat Gain Energy [J][LINK]

The sensible (temperature) heat gain of each zone that occurs when the thermal chimney heats the zone air.

Zone Thermal Chimney Volume [m3][LINK]

The air volumetric flow of each zone enhanced by the thermal chimney.

Zone Thermal Chimney Mass [kg][LINK]

The air mass flow of each zone enhanced by the thermal chimney.

Zone Thermal Chimney Current Density Air Volume Flow Rate [m3/s][LINK]

The total air volumetric flow rate caused by the thermal chimney evaluating density at the current zone conditions.

Zone Thermal Chimney Standard Density Air Volume Flow Rate [m3/s][LINK]

The total air volumetric flow rate caused by the thermal chimney evaluating density at standard conditions.

Zone Thermal Chimney Mass Flow Rate [kg/s][LINK]

The total air mass flow rate caused by the thermal chimney.

Zone Thermal Chimney Outlet Temperature [C][LINK]

The temperature of the air which is discharged from the thermal chimney through the outlet.

In addition, the mass flow rate and associated sensible and latent loads are included in Zone Infiltration $*$ output variables. In other words, the output variables of Zone Infiltration $*$ include impact of ZoneThermalChimney.

ZoneAirMassFlowConservation[LINK]

This global object allows users to trigger the zone air mass flow conservation calculation when desired. This object has three input fields; the first choice input field allows the user whether to adjust mixing flows, the return air flow, or a combination of mixing and return air flows to enforce the zone air mass flow conservation; and the other fields allows the user to specify how infiltration object mass flow rate is calculated for zone air mass flow balance calculation. Currently supported options are: AdjustMixingOnly, AdjustReturnOnly, AdjustMixingThenReturn, AdjustReturnThenMixing, or None. If adjustments for either of mixing, return, or a combination of mixing and return or infiltration is specified then the zone air mass balance attempts to enforce conservation. If adjustment choice is None and infiltration adjustments are off, then the zone air mass flow calculation uses the default method which does not include zone mixing objects and assumes self-balanced simple infiltration. The default method may not necessarily enforce zone air mass flow conservation unless the user has specified a balanced flow to begin with. The zone air mass flow conservation primarily accounts for the zone mixing objects and return air flows in the zone air flow mass balance calculation. In addition to the zone mixing object and zone return air flows, the procedure accounts for zone supply, exhaust, and adjusts infiltration air flows (up or down) when required in order to balance the zone air mass flow. Mixing and infiltration adjustments will only be made in zones which have zone mixing or infiltration objects defined in the input. For example, if a zone does not have any infiltration objects, then no infiltration adjustment will be made for that zone.

The zone mixing object and return flows adjusting options to enforce zone air mass flow conservation are defined as follows. AdjustMixingOnly adjusts the zone mixing object flow only to enforce zone air mass flow balance. AdjustReturnOnly adjusts the zone return air flow only to enforce zone air mass flow balance while the zone mixing object flow are kept at user specified values. AdjustMixingThenReturn adjusts the zone mixing object flow first, and followed with adjusting the return air flows to enforce zone air mass flow balance. AdjustReturnThenMixing adjusts the zone return air flow first, and followed with adjusting the zone mixing object flow to enforce zone air mass flow balance. None does not adjust either the zone mixing or the zone return air flow, and the zone air mass flow balance uses the default method.

First, depending user choice either the ZoneMixing object mass flow rate, the zone total return air flow rate, or a combination zone mixing and zone total return flow rates are adjusted or modified in order to balance zone air mass flow while assuming any zone infiltration objects are self-balanced.

This step will always results in balanced zone air mass for receiving zones of ZoneMixing object but it may not necessarily result in a balanced air mass flow for source zones.

Second, infiltration flow rates are adjusted according to the options set. Infiltration flow will be increased or decreased to balance the net flow from supply, exhaust, mixing, and return air flows. If a negative infiltration rate (exfiltration) is required to balance a zone’s airflow, then the infiltration rate will be set to zero. This can happen, for example, if the total supply flow exceeds the total exhaust plus return flow.

This object is optional. If it is not present in the input file, the default zone air mass flow calculations are used which do not account for zone mixing and infiltration flows.

Inputs[LINK]

Field: Adjust Zone Mixing and Return For Air Mass Flow Balance[LINK]

This field has five choices: AdjustMixingOnly, AdjustReturnOnly, AdjustMixingThenReturn, AdjustReturnThenMixing or None. When set to AdjustMixingOnly, the zone air mass flow balance attempts to enforce zone mass flow conservation by adjusting zone mixing flow rates and zone infiltration air flow may be increased or decreased if required in order to balance the zone air mass flow. When set to AdjustReturnOnly, the zone air mass flow balance attempts to enforce zone mass flow conservation by adjusting zone total return air flow rates and zone infiltration air flow may be increased or decreased if required in order to balance the zone air mass flow. When set to AdjustMixingThenReturn, first the zone air mass flow balance attempts to enforce zone mass flow conservation by adjusting zone mixing object flow rates, then the zone total return flow rates are adjusted and zone infiltration air flow may be increased or decreased if required in order to balance the zone air mass flow. When set to AdjustReturnThenMixing, first the zone air mass flow balance attempts to enforce zone mass flow conservation by adjusting zone total return air flow rates, then the zone mixing flow rates are adjusted and zone infiltration air flow may be increased or decreased if required in order to balance the zone air mass flow. When set to None, mixing flow rates are not adjusted; the mixing flows specified in ZoneMixing objects will be used. The default is None.

Field: Infiltration Balancing Method[LINK]

This field has three choices: AddInfiltrationFlow, AdjustInfiltrationFlow, or None. The default is AddInfiltrationFlow. With all three options, the base infiltration flow rate is the flow specified in all Infiltration:* objects for a given zone.

AddInfiltrationFlow:: The base infiltration flow may be increased in order to balance the zone air mass flow. This additional infiltration air mass flow is not self-balanced, i.e., it is always assumed to be incoming flow which leaves by exhaust, mixing, or return. If no infiltration air is required in order to balance the zone air mass flow, then the additional infiltration air mass flow rate is set to zero. For this option, the base infiltration flow is always assumed to be self-balanced (i.e., exfiltration = infiltration) and is not included in the zone air mass flow balance.
AdjustInfiltrationFlow:: The base infiltration flow may be increased or decreased in order to balance the zone air mass flow. If no infiltration is required to balance the zone air flow, then the base infiltration flow rate is retained and assumed to be self-balanced (i.e., exfiltration = infiltration). If the required infiltration flow rate is negative (exfiltration), then the infiltration flow rate is set to zero and surplus flow in the zone is assumed to leave as exfiltration.
None:: The base infiltration flow is always assumed to be self-balanced (i.e., exfiltration = infiltration) and is not included in the zone air mass flow balance. No changes are made to the base infiltration flow rate.

Field: Infiltration Balancing Zones[LINK]

This field allows user to choose which zones are included in infiltration balancing. There are two choices: MixingSourceZoneOnly or AllZones.

MixingSourceZonesOnly:: Infiltration balancing is active only in zones which are source zones for mixing and which have a base infiltration object defined.
AllZones:: Infiltration balance is active in any zone which has a base infiltration object defined.

An IDF example is shown below:

ZoneAirMassFlowConservation,
    AdjustReturnOnly,          !- Adjust Zone Mixing and Return For Air Mass Flow Balance
    AdjustInfiltrationFlow;    !- Infiltration Balancing Method
    AllZones;                  !- Infiltration Balancing Zones

Outputs[LINK]

Current ZoneAirMassFlowConservation output variables (only applicable variables will be generated):

HVAC, Average, Zone Air Mass Balance Supply Mass Flow Rate [kg/s]
HVAC, Average, Zone Air Mass Balance Exhaust Mass Flow Rate [kg/s]
HVAC, Average, Zone Air Mass Balance Return Mass Flow Rate [kg/s]
HVAC, Average, Zone Air Mass Balance Mixing Receiving Mass Flow Rate [kg/s]
HVAC, Average, Zone Air Mass Balance Mixing Source Mass Flow Rate [kg/s]
HVAC, Average, Zone Infiltration Air Mass Flow Balance Status, []
HVAC, Average, Zone Mass Balance Infiltration Air Mass Flow Rate, [kg/s]

Zone Air Mass Balance Supply Mass Flow Rate [kg/s][LINK]

This output variable represents the total supply air mass flow rate of a zone. The value is determined by summing the supply air mass flow rates contributions from all supply air inlet nodes of a zone.

Zone Air Mass Balance Exhaust Mass Flow Rate [kg/s][LINK]

This output variable represents the total exhaust air mass flow rate of a zone. The value is determined by summing the exhaust air mass flow rates contributions from all exhaust air nodes of a zone.

Zone Air Mass Balance Return Mass Flow Rate [kg/s][LINK]

This output variable represents the total return air mass flow rate of a zone. The value is determined by summing the return air mass flow rates contributions from return air nodes of a zone.

Zone Air Mass Balance Mixing Receiving Mass Flow Rate [kg/s][LINK]

This output variable represents the total zone mixing air mass flow rate of a receiving zone from one or more mixing objects. The value is determined by summing the air mass flow contributions from all zone mixing objects connected to a single receiving zone.

Zone Air Mass Balance Mixing Source Mass Flow Rate [kg/s][LINK]

This output variable represents the total zone mixing source air mass flow rate of a source zone feeding one or more mixing objects. The value is determined by summing the air mass flow contributions from all zone mixing objects connected to a single source zone.

Zone Air Mass Balance Infiltration Status [][LINK]

This output variable indicates the status of the infiltration object mass flow rate use for balancing the zone mass flow at each time step. It has values of either 0 or 1. If the value of this report variable is 0 then the zone infiltration object mass flow rate is not used in the zone mass conservation calculation, hence the infiltration rate calculated based on the user specified inputs is maintained and the infiltration rate is assumed as self-balanced for the current timestep. If the value is 1 then the zone infiltration object mass flow rate is included in the zone air mass flow balance calculation, hence the user specified infiltration rate is modified and it is considered as incoming flow to the zone, i.e., self-balanced assumption is not valid for this zone and current time step.

Zone Air Mass Balance Infiltration Mass Flow Rate [kg/s][LINK]

This output variable represents the zone infiltration air mass flow rate in kg/s. This output variable is reported only for source zones and when the zone air mass flow balance is active. Its value depends on the Infiltration Balancing Method specified. When the infiltration method is AddInfiltrationFlow this output represents the additional infiltration air mass flow rate added on top of the base infiltration air flow in order to balance the zone air mass flow. In this case, the base infiltration air mass flow calculated using the user specified input is assumed self-balanced. When the infiltration method is AdjustInfiltrationFlow and the value of “Zone Air Mass Balance Infiltration Status" is 1, this output represents the infiltration air mass flow rate required to balance the zone air mass flow. This value could be negative if the zone supply exceeds all other outflows. If the value of “Zone Air Mass Balance Infiltration Status" is 0, then this output is the self-balanced base infiltration flow rate for current timestep.

Input Output Reference — EnergyPlus 23.2

Input Output Reference

Group – Airflow[LINK]

ZoneInfiltration:DesignFlowRate[LINK]

Inputs[LINK]

Field: Name[LINK]

Field: Zone or ZoneList or Space or SpaceList Name[LINK]

Field: Schedule Name[LINK]

Field: Design Flow Rate Calculation Method[LINK]

Field: Design Flow Rate[LINK]

Field: Flow Rate per Floor Area[LINK]

Field: Flow Rate per Exterior Surface Area[LINK]

Field: Air Changes per Hour[LINK]

Field: Constant Term Coefficient[LINK]

Field: Temperature Term Coefficient[LINK]

Field: Velocity Term Coefficient[LINK]

Field: Velocity Squared Term Coefficient[LINK]

ZoneInfiltration:EffectiveLeakageArea[LINK]

Inputs[LINK]

Field: Name[LINK]

Field: Zone or Space Name[LINK]

Field: Schedule Name[LINK]

Field: Effective Air Leakage Area[LINK]

Field: Stack Coefficient[LINK]

Field: Wind Coefficient[LINK]

ZoneInfiltration:FlowCoefficient[LINK]

Inputs[LINK]

Field: Name[LINK]

Field: Zone or Space Name[LINK]

Field: Schedule Name[LINK]

Field: Flow Coefficient[LINK]

Field: Stack Coefficient[LINK]

Field: Pressure Exponent[LINK]

Field: Wind Coefficient[LINK]

Field: Shelter Factor[LINK]

Outputs[LINK]

Zone Infiltration Sensible Heat Loss Energy [J][LINK]

Zone Infiltration Sensible Heat Gain Energy [J][LINK]

Zone Infiltration Latent Heat Loss Energy [J][LINK]

Zone Infiltration Latent Heat Gain Energy [J][LINK]

Zone Infiltration Total Heat Loss Energy [J][LINK]

Zone Infiltration Total Heat Gain Energy [J][LINK]

Zone Infiltration Current Density Volume [m3][LINK]

Zone Infiltration Current Density Volume Flow Rate [m3/s][LINK]

Zone Infiltration Standard Density Volume [m3][LINK]

Zone Infiltration Standard Density Volume Flow Rate [m3/s][LINK]

Zone Infiltration Mass [kg][LINK]

Zone Infiltration Mass Flow Rate [kg/s][LINK]

Zone Infiltration Air Change Rate [ach][LINK]

ZoneVentilation:DesignFlowRate[LINK]

Inputs[LINK]

Field: Name[LINK]

Field: Zone or ZoneList or Space or SpaceList Name[LINK]

Field: Schedule Name[LINK]

Field: Design Flow Rate Calculation Method[LINK]

Field: Design Flow Rate[LINK]

Field: Flow Rate per Floor Area[LINK]

Field: Flow Rate per Person[LINK]

Field: Air Changes per Hour[LINK]

Field: Ventilation Type[LINK]

Field: Fan Pressure Rise[LINK]

Field: Fan Total Efficiency[LINK]

Field: Constant Term Coefficient[LINK]

Field: Temperature Term Coefficient[LINK]

Field: Velocity Term Coefficient[LINK]

Field: Velocity Squared Term Coefficient[LINK]

Field: Minimum Indoor Temperature[LINK]

Field: Minimum Indoor Temperature Schedule Name[LINK]

Field: Maximum Indoor Temperature[LINK]

Field: Maximum Indoor Temperature Schedule Name[LINK]

Field: Delta Temperature[LINK]

Field: Delta Temperature Schedule Name[LINK]

Field: Minimum Outdoor Temperature[LINK]

Field: Minimum Outdoor Temperature Schedule Name[LINK]

Field: Maximum Outdoor Temperature[LINK]

Field: Maximum Outdoor Temperature Schedule Name[LINK]

Field: Maximum Wind Speed[LINK]

ZoneVentilation:WindandStackOpenArea[LINK]

Inputs[LINK]

Field: Name[LINK]